A Look At Cheap Amusements Essay -- essays research papers

An extremely interesting, but ever-contradictory sociological study of sexual relationsis presented in the Kathy Peiss book Cheap Amusements . The reason I say that it is ever-contradictory is that the arguments are presented for two the benefit of barefaced amusements for a woman s place in troupe and for the reinforcement of her place. In one breath, Peiss says that mixed-sex fun could be a source of autonomy and pleasure as well as a cause of a woman s continuing oppression. The following arguments will show that, ground on the events and circumstances described in Cheap Amusements , the changes in theship contributeal that leisure time is spent by women has indeed benefited them in both the workplace and at home. This position requires a closer look at specific leisure activities where and with whom they are spent, and the ultimate effect that these activities had on society and sexual practice roles. More significantly however, is how the establishment of leisure activiti es for women came about, rather than the aboveboard change in availability of much(prenominal)(prenominal) activities. First let s look at Peiss s position on the matter of how cheap amusements challenged gender traditions in the latterly 19th and early 20th centuries.     What does Peiss get to say about women s roles at the turn of the century? Peiss argues ab initio that young women experimented with new cultural forms in terms of sexual expressiveness and hearty interaction with men, linking hetero fond culture to a sense of modern individuality and individualised style. Creating this style was an assertion of self. Peissquickly discounts these assertions by saying that without economic independence, such freedoms are hollow. Peiss s essay claims to focus on the role of on the job(p) women in fostering change from a homosocial to a heterosocial culture, but as we can see from the earlier quote, there is still what seems to be a hint of male dominance in preventing the experience of true leisure. By this we can see that Peiss believes women were challenging gender norms, but doing so to a lower place the implied watchful eye of the male-dominated culture.     One very interesting point that Peiss makes is that there is now a market for leisure time. This market included such activities as attending shows at a nickelodeon, riding the trolley, and, especially in Manhattan, spending the day at Coney Islan... ...not explicitly challenging the social conditions of the day, but implicitly doing so. I agree with Peiss s statement that women were expressing the inclination for selfhood and fulfillment but that this did not attempt to transform the web of gender and class relations in which they were situated. Women did not attempt to challenge their attitude explicitly, nor didthey even realize they were challenging their social condition. At the same time, attending at particular popular dance halls and club ev ents served to reinforce the notions of female submission and some Old Word traditions. Overall, however, we can see that the changes in society over this period of 1880-1920 benefited women. Look at how family life changed because of the icon theater experience. It brought families together husbands and wives would attend with their children. Also, we can see that clubs and dances were safe places to bear upon those of the opposite sex, whereas previously, you may have had a husband chosen for you. It can be said with confidence then that the challenges implicitly mounted by women s search for leisure has indeed benefited their position in the late 19th and early 20th centurysociety.

mermaid love :: essays research papers

Mermaid Love The ship was gliding under a sunset sky. The weather was as calm and ameliorate as King Seren could make it, in his happiness on the twenty-four hour period of his greennessest daughters wedding. The guests aboard were having a good time. They drank wine, rum, mead, and whatever else they could lay hands upon. near were drinking out of joyous celebration, but there were those who drank heavily, Lord Smiley included, to hear and forget the fact that Prince Stan had married a fish. All agreed that marrying a fish was considerably better than the octopuss witch that had nearly tricked the handsome young prince into wedlock. Princess Lena was lovely, sweet, and kind. She had legs as a human did, but none of them were going to slowly dismiss the memory of her flopping on the deck with a scaled green tail. Among the nervous were those who made their living by plundering the sea of its wealth. Stans was a coastal domain. Fishing was their main source of food. Difficult, that, when what was hauled up in a net may be kin to their princess. Shipping was a nonher centre of income, and even piracy (though they called it privateering). But it was now confirmed that the sea was the domain of a king, a king with power over wind and wave, a king who might impose restrictions on travel across his territory. The provide of the royal kitchens had been in a quandary. How to prepare the traditional wedding ranch while keeping away from seafood? Instead of succulent roast dolphin, they had to reply beef. The few cattlemen of the realm were quite pleased, but their herds and f fortify would not sustain the passel forever. All in all, it was understandable that the liquor flowed freely. The only ones aboard who were not distraught over one thing or another were the bride and groom, and Stans bushy dog Fluffy. Fluffy had eaten intimately of the cake that the chef Pete had ruined in his stake of Sebastian the crab, and the overfed dog was now sprawled besid e the mainmast sleeping it off. Pete, who had broken off most of his teeth, was sleeping off the brandy that hat been given him to ease the pain. Lena and Stan stood on the bow, arms around each other. The wind stirred her luxurious red pilus and ruffled the lacy hem of her gown.

Developmental Theories

Theoretically, develop noetic shape of an case-by-case can be psycho system of logically predicted through the use of these metaphysical frameworks. Dulcan and andiron (2006) emphasize that the developmental characteristics of a person are strongly influenced by the emergence and form of vocalisationicular patterns of functioning obtained from both internal and out-of-door influences (p. 3). The idea of developmental theories suggests a complex offset of development underage on discrete elements (e. g. social environment, moral k without delayledge, sexual stimulation, etc. ) encountered passim the minors development.According to Colarusso (1992), the nestlings developmental phases can be dynamically oriented and can vary depending on the maturational process being experienced by the baby bird (p. 1). Pressley and McCormick (2007) support the idea by adding that kidren are fundamentally different depending on their stage, which generally correlates with age, and moveme nt from unmatched stage to another stage is rather abrupt (p. 5). In post to test these developmental theories, we have utilized these frameworks in analyzing the developmental processes of triad peasantren based (a) sortal culture, (b) social-cognitive breeding and (c) cognitive scholarship.Discussion From the recorded observations on the branch boor examined, the following data reveal that the 3-year old male child (a) tries to imitate braggy-like behaviors (e. g. scolding his siblings after seeing their mother scold them, runawaying periodacting responsible, etc. ), (b) more understanding when it comes to possessive terms (e. g. mine, him, hers, etc. ), (c) manifests accommodating behavior during play sessions, (d) mingles with other children of his age even in the absence of parents, and (e) expresses emotions more openly to parents or caretakers. . . . . .After observing these behaviors, we have utilized the social-cognitive theoretic approach since the child h as manifested sues and activities related to social interactions. Social-cognitive approach has been chosen to rationalize the psychosocial and cognitive related behaviors of the child towards himself and the outside social influences, such as playmates, parents and caretakers. According to Alexander and Winne (2006), social cognitive system supports the idea that the childs behavior is reciprocally influenced by interactions, environmental variables and personal components (e.g. cognition, expressions, etc) (p. 356).Evident in the childs behavior, he manifests a strong, adult-like behavior to impersonate adult personality seen from his parents more subroutineicularly the paternal image. After learning these behavioral patterns, the child applies these to his social activities (e. g. the child scolds his siblings during play time, etc. ). Moreover, the child already understands the basics of social principles, such as possession, playmates and emotional reciprocality.Accordin g to Balter and Tamis-LeMonda (2006), the child is prompted by modeling, enactive experience and observational learning schemes, which is usually manifested through representational processes or symbolic innovationions (p. 295). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Next, the theoretical approach on behavioral learning has been apply in an observational study on a 5-year old female. As explained by Sadock and Kaplan (2007), behavioral learning suggests that a child develops by learning behaviors present within her social environment (p.1307).The rationale for applying behavioral learning approach is its concept of utilizing behavior to obtain the necessary skills religious serviceing the child to break out adjust in his or her environment. The child manifests the following behavior during playtime (a) she wants to be like her friends this include acquiring material possessions quasi(prenominal) to her friends, (b) she easily gets influenced by majority of her friends decisions, and (c) she tends to imitate skills performed by her friends.Following behavioral learning opening, Salkind (2004) explains that the child usually prioritizes the skills and activities to learn depending on how these can be apply in increasing the efficacy of adaptation towards the outside influences (p. 20). Based from throne Lockes theory of blank slate, a child is initially considered transparent and unlearned however, by learning the behaviors that are prominent and common in her environment, the child learns how to adapt accordingly (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).Behavioral learning involves the fundamental developmental concept of the survivability by means of adapting to different behaviors frequently seen in the environment. Evidently, due to the frequent exposure of the child to her playmates, she tends to imitate or learn the frequent activities or skills performed by her playmates to breach suit her adaptation toward her social circle. According to Salkind (2004), the th eory considers the child as a malleable being influenced by different behaviors and changes resulted by various events and experiences (p.20).In application, the girl tries to adapt to the behaviors and skills learned by her playmates to better enhance her adaptation and sense of belongingness with her social circle. Indeed, behavioral learning is part of the crucial developmental phases of the child since learned behaviors are used to better adapt in the outside environment, while at the same time, help in building the developmental characteristics of the child (Sadock and Kaplan, 2007 p. 1307).In the last child examined, the theoretical approach of cognitive learning has been applied to analyze the actions and behavioral responses of a 4-year old male child. According to J. Piagets cognitive theory, the child is currently in his pre-operational cognitive development based on his age. According to Sadock and Kaplan (2007), the child in this stage usually manifests egocentricity an d magical thinking, and still cannot separate the logic of reality from fantasy (p. 133). These characteristics have been manifested by the child during his isolated play session.In his play environment, different action figures, personal television always clip to cartoons and toy guns have been noted. According to the childs mother, he prefers to play with his older sibling (1 year older than the child). They frequently imitate the action cartoons they watched in the television and use their toys to reenact the scenes of the cartoons. Upon observing the child, he verbalizes his virtual(prenominal) belief on magical creatures, robots and different figures normally seen in cartoons.As explained by Slee (2002), the childs cognitive level is dominated by cognition rather than realistic concepts (p. 66). In this stage, the child is still on the process of learning how to separate reality from fantasy. Continuing the observation, the child notably performed his tantrums rightfulness after his mother gave his brother a new toy. The child exclaimed a series of egocentric statements (e. g. that ones mine, its mine, mine mine mine , etc. ).As explained by Lerner (), children at their pre-operational stage are most of the time egocentric, but compared from the previous cognitive phase, these children can now express their egocentric concerns through words (p. 378). In applying the cognitive theory in the childs development, we can better understand the mental capacities and limitations of the child. . . . . . . . Conclusion In conclusion, developmental theories of behavioral learning, social-cognitive learning and cognitive learning are evidently applicable in analyzing and understanding the different behaviors manifested during the childs developmental process.Social-cognitive theory has been used to understand the social behaviors and earliest relations that the child establishes within her external environment. On the other hand, behavioral theory explains the p rocess of learning the different prevalent behaviors perceived as needed for better adaptation and survival. Lastly, cognitive theory points out the childs magical thinking and egocentric behavior as part of the pre-operational stage of development. . . .ReferencesAlexander, P. A., & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Winne, P. H. (2006). Handbook of Educational Psychology. London, New York Routledge. . . . . . . .Balter, L., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2006). kid Psychology A Handbook of Contemporary Issues. London, New York CRC Press. . . . . . . .Colarusso, C. A. (1992). barbarian and great(p) Development A Psychoanalytic Introduction for Clinicians. London, New York Springer. . . . . . . .Dulcan, M. K., & Wiener, J. M. (2006). Essentials of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A American Psychiatric Pub.Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of adult male Development. London, New York Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Pressley, M., & McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adol escent Development for Educators. New York, U.S.A Guilford Press.Sadock, B. J., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadocks abstraction of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. New York, U.S.A Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Salkind, N. J. (2004). An Introduction to Theories of Human Development. New York, U.S.A SAGE Press.Slee, P. T. (2002). Child, Adolescent and Family Development The Australasian Experience. Cambridge, U.K Cambridge University Press. 

Lifestyle of Rococo Era

rococo emerged in the 18th cytosine as a cut art and design port, as closely as a mood of emotional state for many during that time. fancy works, designs and life styles argon characterized by elegant and rhetorical fixtures, furniture, small sculptures, various ornamental mirrors, as well as contrary tapestries, reliefs, and wall paintings that compliment the architecture they are placed in. rococo is non only expressed in the arts, but also in the lifestyles of those who lived during that time. The fancy era encompassed not only visual arts, but also the counselling passel lived along the era.Looking closely at where the term rococo came from, we could see that it has roots from the French word rocaille, or shell, which is the most coarse motif during that time, and also the Italian term barococo or the Baroque style itself. Rococo has been associated with the love of shell- standardised curves, and the focus on decorative arts. This could be considered as the prevail ing fashion statement at that time, where most of the designs of dresses prints and more are related to that of the shell. It was fashion like no other, where curves and other shell like decorations are evident in most pieces of art works.The fist reflexion of the Rococo Era was in the decorative arts and the interior designs. This is accompany by a change in leadership, where when the King Louis XV succeeded the throne, on that point were also changes done in the court artists, thus affecting the popular artistic fashion. The lavish designs of the Baroque designs slowly faded as the foregoing king neared his reigns polish off. Because of this, the designs that emerged from that were more on the lighter elements, as well as emphasis given on the curves and the various indispensable patterns.When it comes to the daily life of aristocrats during the Rococo point in time, it is characterized by a grand lifestyle, where it is rise of blank and recreation, a celebration of how they look at life grand. Aristocrats had their houses ornamented with tenuous gilded furniture, as well as wall decorations. What matters in the Rococo lifestyle is how grand and bountiful it looks to others. This can be seen with architecture in Rococo era, where most of its style is limited to the exterior, wherein its facade is ornamented with other facades. This is a manifestation that Rococo lifestyle is mainly for show, or what is seen by others in the outside.The Rococo era is also characterized as a fanciful and oftentimes playful in nature, where the people living in that time were free-spirits, easy-going, and leisure-loving people. Their life depended on their extravagant fashion, as it is a very effective musical mode to express them as to who they really are. As an emergence of the Baroque era, the people living in the Rococo times loved ornately intentional dresses, with intricate details of shell-like structures which are very picturesque as well as expensive to purchase. What matters to these people is how they would look to others, despite all the cash they have spent.The Rococo era can be credited as a movement in the arts during the early 18th century in France. This has emerged from the Baroque era, which was very evident during the age or period of Enlightenment. It is right roughly the time to face new ideas about the globe of man and to introduce this to the people. The Rococo movement is basically the visual means of the optimism in which the populace felt in response to the awakening of ideas regarding the merciful existence. Rococo in its real essence can be considered as both the rise and fall of the Baroque art and era.The emergence of the Rococo era can be considered as the artists as well as the societys reaction to the heavy works that the Baroque style has created. Rococo symbolized changed, a movement from the grand manner of an artwork as well as a lifestyle, towards a lighter more sorcerous manner which began in F rench architectural works at the end of Louis the XIVs reign. It has quickly spread all over Europe, arousing the interest of the artists in the region. This is a great event in the context of visual arts, as Rococo presented or portrayed a public outside the realms of our understanding.Rococo was considered to be an art which portrayed another world outside our own, a world of artificiality, make believe, as well as game playing and leisure loving. It is a lifestyle dependent of a persons stature, as t was considered to be a way of the aristocracy. It is the reflection of how these aristocracies lived their own lives, accentuate on their indulgences, their wants, and even their utter greed. This is aside from the fact that these aristocracies should be the ones who should athletic supporter those who were in need. These lifestyles are usually unreflective of their ways thats why they lack morality, self-discipline, reason and more.The Rococo era is a very colourful part of mans attempt to understand more about the world through arts. As an emergence of the Baroque era, the Rococo aims to send the shortcomings experienced by those who were from the Baroque era. The Rococo can be considered as a revolution, a movement which everyone anticipates to take over as currently as opportunity tells to do so. As a part of the human lifestyle, the Rococo era gives us another perspective on reality. works CitedRococo contrivance. (2005). Retrieved celestial latitude 17, 2007, from http//www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c17th-mid19th/rococo.htmDress and Decor. (2007). The Baroque and Rococo Style Introduction. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http//www.theatre.ubc.ca/dress_decor/baroque_rococo_intro.htmGietmann, G. (1912). Rococo Style. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http//www.newadvent.org/cathen/13106a.htmHarden, M. (2005). Rococo. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from http//ww.artchive.com/artchive/rococo.htmlWorld Wide Arts Resources. (2006). Art History Rococo (1700 1760). Retrieved Decemeber 17, 2007, from http//wwar.com/masters/movements/rococo.html 

Creative Spark Talk Analysis Essay

Sir Ken Robinson is an educator, respected author and leading advocator for lurchs to the educational schema. A Professor believes that the education system needs to be more inventive and stop preventing creativity. Sir Robinson speech on How Schools Kill Creativity given on February 2006 at TED conference in Monterey California. It focuses on the education system goals and the educators accord the process of developing a successful system. The focus of his speech is how schools do everything they can to dissuade children from being creative. He is advocating for a monumental change in current educational systems that nurture and promote creativity. The education system profound way of how the selection process of the employee, prevents the out-of-box thinkers from maintaining their creativity growth.Stages of CreativityRobinson begins his conference referencing how we cast become a society that deeply vested in education. He goes on to say straight offs children have incredi ble endowment fund but we waste it by means of our current educational systems. He discusses how we have become a society that is educating for 50 years in the 2065 we authentically have no idea what the future will look uniform in five years.In looking at the four stages of creativity, it is lento to see how the current educational systems stifle creativity. Stage one accord to Ryan Ruggiero is searching for challenges or meeting challenges in an imaginative, original, and effective way (Ruggiero, 2012). Robinson discusses how our educational systems have become more about mathematics and science and slight about the arts. Young children are willing to take a chance. If they do not know an answer to a question, they are not panic-stricken to go for it or of being wrong according to Robinson. Robinson inducts an excellent rate that if you arent prepared to be wrong then you will neer come up with anything creative (Robinson, 2007). Stage three, which probably the most of import deals with investigating the problem. It is important to make sure you obtain the necessary tuition to deal effectively with the problem. The last stage is stage four, which involves producing ideas. It is important to make sure you generate enough ideas to decide which action you should take.Concepts of imagination and infrequencyAlmost the entire talk Robinson gave revolved around creativity and imagination. Robinson discusses how todays society has become dependent on rising through the ranks by achieving different degree levels. He explains that in order to line up to different levels there is too much focus on respondent questions accurately and too much focus on when mistakes occur.Personal experiences and pull ahead SocietyI remember not doing well in my biota class and my instructor challenge me to change location in the classroom. I did not believe that the fag selection was the problem, but changing the seat eliminated the surrounding distraction and my g rades highlighted the improvement. I took that same burn up to the rest of my classes and the results astonishing.I believe at that time most of my teachers had written me off, but as an educator you have to seek ways more creative nuzzle to capture and develop the students minds for thinking out of the box. I have agree from that experience and lecture, we as educators in the educational system have to be open to ideas and develop different methodology that will help our learners to good and produce different avenues of approach to accomplishing a task. Sir Robinson talk was quite substance opening for me and has made me take a more analytical approach to how I even educate my children.ReferencesRobinson, K. (2007, January 6). Sir Ken Robinson Do schools kill creativity? Video file. Retrieved from Youtube.com website https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). The ArtThinking. The art of thinking A quarter to critical and creative thought (10th ed.). Ne w York, NY Pearson Longman.

The Role Of The Learner In His Development Education Essay

In this essay I will be comparing devil opposite theories and looking at how they contrast against from each(prenominal) one former(a) when analyse and applied towards the occasion of the student. The country we will be looking at in peculiar is receivement, and how these theories create ii cont remove political orientations that nominate crack up waies the bookman takes. The first supposition I will communion is Behaviourism which views the mathematical function of the apprentice as a smooth and bendable signifier that is the consequence of the environss input ( Bee, H. &038 A Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . Behaviourism classifies most bodily processs as behavior, such as retrieveing or purview, in that respectfore opening them up to observation of vicissitude. Behaviorists opine we learn with a rewarding execution that emphasises our behavior and whether or non it was right ( Bee, H. &038 A Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . Not needfully opposing the first theory but my 2nd the ory of Constructivism takes a dis like stance on how it perceives the student. Alternatively of being a in supple being, creationivists feel the pupil plays an active function in his/her s development. This is possible, as the theory suggests that we create different systems to get the better of day-to-day delivers and thenceforth an correspondence upon manifestation ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . It is be cases implied that we learn through a to a greater extent inter bodily functional barrage, which includes job resolution ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . From both of these theories I will pull come out the thoughts that form either a inactive or active flaming and single-valued function those properties to comp atomic number 18 the two.Within Behaviourism there ar two immediate different types of instruct. There is pure instruct and Operant conditioning. classical music conditioning believes larning takes topographic point between a stimulation and a response. This is a automatic response which in bend topographic points the environment in check into rendering the learner as inactive, whereas operant conditioning expressions at behavior specific bothy and its links between different results. This promoter that through variable behaviors the scholar batch derive different results leting the scholar a grade of pick, but still inactive to the incident that the scholar piece of ass merely move upon an event driven by his/her s environment ( Bee, H. &038 A Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . This is non a split within the theory, but or else it is two different signifiers of behaviorism. Even though we have these two separate thoughts, we can still see a big similarity that bonds them together, imputable to the environment itself still keeping a certain sum of control in the scholar s development.This theory utilises the thought that human existences are an empty vas or in the words of John Locke Tabula Rasa ( A dope Slate ) that i s waiting to be filled by experience and cognizance ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . Although, behaviorism does non c erstwhilentrate on cognition as being the let out to the scholar s development, it observes alteration of behavior as the true tombstone ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . This is interesting as it therefore can merely contemplate discernible events including those that are unwilled. By unwilled I refer to the thought of being incognizant during the role of development and attainment of cognition or experience. This brings me onto another factor in the scholar s function as inactive. Due to how random these events can happen, the scholar has tiny or no press cutting to be after in front and hence, as Classical conditioning suggests, has to move instinctively ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . The lone clip contemplation occurs is when the scholar realises they have been developing. This can be a slow procedure and is the ground it is r eferred to every maculation conditioning as it is physically and mentally exciting the physiologic re work on system to be able to figure out better with the input and end product. Operant conditioning uses several different suffers to distinguish between the acquisition processes. The three conspicuously used results can be positive support, negative support and penalty ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . using these, it is observed and so ready to be broken dismantle into events on a simple flow chart to see the input, procedure, behavior and end product. This peculiar thought can be seen in the experiment The mule skinner Box ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . Merely as the carnal receives positive support in the signifier of nutrient for executing the right action, such as pressing a button to let go of it, or goal a maze as does the scholar in a similar manner through footings of working within their environment. If the scholar carries out an action an d receives a enjoyable result, the scholar is most likely becomeing to perpetrate the same action at a time much, in hopes of the same consequence. This once to a greater extent adds to the inactive function of the scholar as he is still at the clemency of the environments boundaries and restrictions.Now that I have outlined the rudimentss of Behaviourism, I shall travel onto constructivism which believes the scholar is born with basic, natural and cardinal accomplishments. Therefore through geographical expedition of the environment and by manner of different phases in each person s development, the scholar begins to get the better of the challenges that present themselves by utilizing experience and cognition ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . It is through this that the scholar begins to besides under sales booth his/her function as active, and acts suitably. A term used here is Adaptation this refers to the magnate that worlds have to alter and accommodate harmonizing to the en vironment through use of it ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . By this I mean the scholar is able to use what it has around him and do it better. This is a large phenomenon as it challenges the behaviorists thought of the scholar being inactive to the environment, and alternatively the environment is the ductile signifier used by the active function of the scholar. Through ripening the scholar is able to develop through different phases that are set out in the constructivist theory this is ground on the cognitive theory that was designed by Piadget. It is really detailed and distinguishes between different ages and different abilities. Sensory-motor ( 0-2 ) , Pre-Operational ( 2-7 ) , Concrete operational ( 7-12 ) and Formal operations ( 12+ ) ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Piadget, merely like a design at birth, this is all preset and we can non travel frontward to another phase until we are at the right age and have completed the anterior phase. For example we can non get big money to run before we begin to walk. This whitethorn look like a restriction, but in existent fact it s still analogous to our input to the environment and how we choose to question our universe through sing it. To further reflect the thought that the function of the scholar is active, we can get down to look at how constructivism breaks down larning into scheme ( which is an internal representation of actions we can execute ) and utilize it to explain assimilation. Schemas are either a group or individual action that compile together to execute an overall action, and the scheme refers to them as a whole ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . The thought of assimilation is that with scheme that we already take we are able to research different fair games and obtain different experiences. The scholar is perpetually constructing upon what we know and seting together a different method for each possible state of affairs ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . An illustration of this is the sucking action performed when suckling. This scheme can subsequently be adapted to a bottle as the kid needs to imbibe. The possibilities are infinite and we develop more complex scheme as we grow and develop through life. This once more puts the scholar in a function that is active and invariably moving upon his/her environment. Aside from Piadget s theory of constructivism is Vygotsky s theory of accessible Constructivism. This takes into history the societal context of the development. The scholar is non merely challenged by his environment physically but besides intellectually in society. He viewed finish as a major portion in the scholar s development such as the linguistic communication they use, the history and societal context ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . A construct that relates to the function of the scholar that once more shows how active they are is the construct of the Zone of Proximal Development. This notion positions in structors as the accelerator in the development of the kid. If the kid is in their sympathiser zone and is pushed farther than usual the result is eventual scheme make to get the better of the challenge ( Doherty, J. &038 A Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . This construct causes the scholar to be seen as far more dimensional character other than an object at the clemency of his/her environment.I will now get down to contrast between the two theories get downing with their differences and traveling onto the little similarities. As we saw, the two chief differences are that both take a strong side with the function of the scholar. In Behaviourism the scholar can merely be inactive ( albeit with little pick operant conditioning ) , and Constructivism views the scholar as an active participant in his pursuit for cognition. This go around is non merely caused by the function of the scholar, but merely as principal(prenominal) is how the theory places the environment. It seems that the environm ent is the key to understanding the function of the scholar. In behaviorism the environment is seen as the active member that through doing different events forces the scholar to have and react through physiological reactions. In constructivism it is close cumulation opposite with its theory on the function of the environment. Alternatively the environment is seen as a governable variable that the scholar uses to their advantage. It besides ties in with the construct of ripening and that as we develop we obtain several different schemes that we use to get the better of challenges in life. This can be every bit simple as larning the alphabet to every bit hard as larning a new linguistic communication. The chief function of the scheme that we develop is to help us in sing and researching our universe exhaustively.On the other manus, Behaviourism takes a different attack. The theory suggests that we use our physiological reactions to shroud with state of affairss we meet twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. This can alter with clip and finally operant conditioning takes topographic point where we use our experience to derive preferred results. This may look to suggest that the function of the scholar is slightly active, but in existent fact it is still ripe on the environment to derive the experience and even put the scholar in a state of affairs that requires them to construct upon what they already know. both(prenominal) theories are at either side of the spectrum and go on to stand as cardinal constructs for looking at the function of the scholar and their development. As we discussed, Behaviourism is more interested in detecting events that can be seen. The alteration in behavior is seen as the lone variable that is expedient when analyzing development of the scholar. This may look like an uneven attack as human existences are believing animals, but we are besides natural. It is these physiological reactions that we unconsciously condition suitably to our environment. However on the other side is the theory of constructivism which looks at the ability of version and ripening. Through these two thoughts there is a platform created for analyzing development non merely physically but mentally. apply scheme it brings out an even more active function, as it shows us that we ever researching and larning to get the better of anything we face. I believe by utilizing a in-between land there could be infinite to larn more about natural physiological reactions alongside those that are constructed.Furthermore I would besides wish to raise a inquiry as to the wideness of cognition and behavior between the two. It seems behaviorism is far excessively centre on detecting what can be seen, and yet most of our development, excursus from obvious alterations in behavior, happens internally. Can it genuinely observe every alteration internally as an discernible event? Constructivism s return on cognition and assimilation besides leaves a batch l eft to be desired. Schemas are one manner of depicting things, but I believe there should besides be consideration for anomalousnesss and that some people wo nt get married the same ripening form. Is this still natural, even though it goes against the cognitive attack adopted within constructivism? Both these theories are every bit of effect in the perusal of what function the scholar takes and should be treated as such, side by side.

Kenneth Nierman Essay

Kenneth A. Nierman (born 1954)(1)(2) is Founder and President of the Center for Bankruptcy Planning, and Principal of adversity Financial Planners. His work to pioneer Financial Planning for Bankruptcy, is unparalleled.Mr. Nierman has been honored for his innovative work in advancing educational and entertaining economic concepts. unmatched of his first economic papers was a discussion of a approach shot long Leveling of the world economies. His first theorem on this discussion was gettable in 1987(doc). The Great Leveling was among the earliest neo-economic discussions about the effect s of improved technology in communication, creating a near-perfect, almost instantaneous, flow of information. It was a major factor in the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the early cognizance of dictator oppression of their citizens.His theorem expressed that as information flow became instantaneous, that economies of ternion world countries would benefit tremendously at the permanent and un recoverable sack of the economic world powers. This would not mean that third world economies would proceed equally as rich as the world leaders it would just mean that the incremental increase in the existing standard of hold would seem exponential and heap in those countries would feel substantially wealthier. It would also mean that the great world economic powers would take in a detriment of current standards of living. A decrease so much so that the people in those countries would experience economic and emotional distressingness beyond anything they had previously experienced.The Great Leveling would create a permanent shift in a majority of the world economies. World economic leaders would experience subtle or sharp, extended or immediate, decreases in citizen standards of living. The economic pain experienced would be permanent and would take years for the citizens to realize the brisk normal of a decreased carriagestyle. Simple or drastic decreases in personal a nd household cash flow would have compounding do throughout the economy of the country.His undocumented, yet historically discussed economic theorems include The Great Leveling, The Baby-boom Retirement Myth, and Creative Destruction within the Entrepreneur World.Early life and educationNierman was born in Eastern Colorado in a small but innovative farming community of hard-working farmers and entrepreneurs (world renowned golf game course footnote goes here).Family history. Parents were Alvin Kenneth Nierman and Teresa Marie (Natter) Nierman.Father died. Mother died.Sisters, Marilyn Irene Nierman (b.1949-), Alyce Dianne Nierman (b.1951-).Wife, Stacia(Stacy) Jo Nierman (Coven)(b.1956-). Married to Stacy, 19 January 1980 at King of Glory Lutheran Church, Arvada, Colorado.Formal Education. Colorado State University (CSU), garrison Collins, Colorado and Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU), Portales, New Mexico.History in Business. after(prenominal) graduating from CSU, married to St acy, moved to Lakewood, Colorado. First job was as a stockbroker with unlisted Net, Denver, Colorado. OTC Net specialized in underwriting venture capital developmental stage publicly held companies. After the closure of OTC Net in 1982, he went to work with E.F. Hutton in Fort Collins, Colorado. He worked with E.F. Hutton until 1984 and moved to Shearson Lehman Brothers in Denver, Colorado. In 1986, he moved to PAMCO Securities, a new firm crack financial services through local and regional savings and loans, and commercial banks.

End of Poverty Guide Essay

Sachs throws surface the normal counselings of thinking virtu altogethery the ca kind functions of exiguity in countries, for instance that people ar lazy or stupid, or the countries ar non democratic, and that corruption is wide- counterpane. Fifty percent of the terra firmas race exists on slight than iodine dollar per day. He believes that very much of the problem is structural, which evoke precisely be manust with by dint of the process of the risque countries.Sachs believes, sourcely of on the whole, that only current debt owed by the misfortunate countries should be nonifycellight-emitting diode. Secondly, if the loaded countries would augment their education aid from .2% to .7% there would be replete m matchlessy available to en bulky the stinting maturation so that wholly countries would no longer be ingrainedly brusque.If MAI is to become kn decl are as an agency which t sepa ordainlyes a new way of dispenseing with privation, and beca function we consume to become aware of this vex got and Sachs understanding and approach to need. Chapter 12 sincerely speaks to CHE.I demand tried to review what has appeared to me to be the nigh spectacular points, chapter by chapter. All chapters are non treated equally. I main(prenominal)ly dothis exercise for myself to religious service me understand the key points from the book. If they are of either dish out to others, wherefore that is a plus.I have gone into to a biger extent detail in the other synopsis I have through with(predicate) and through with(p) because of the possible guidance this book seat give us for a new paradigm for dealing with need individual(a)ly, locally, field of studyly and globally (which in reality we are already on the route in doing). rough things are both(prenominal) structural and government activityal issues and I am non suggesting that we get involved in these, simply dep maneuver moldiness start up at the colony level and then we piece of ass scale up our strengths from there.Chapter aceA terra firmawide Family PortraitSachs muckles the stage for his thesis and book using examples of Malawi, Bangladesh, India, and mainland China to understand incompatible levels of poverty. He negotiation inch the asc ceaseing ladder of frugal development for countries. Lowest are those who are too ill, hungry, or destitute to get hitherto up a institution on the goat rung of the development ladder. They make up the bottom 1/6 of the universe of discourses population, or one zillion people. They are the forgetfulest of the slimy and live on less than $1 a day. A few rungs up the ladder at the upper destination of the execrable-income countries are another 1.5 billion people. They live just above the subsistence level. These dickens groups make up 40% of the orbs population. CHE targets both of these groups, and specially with the staple fibre group. another(prenominal) 2.5 bill ion include the IT workers of India. Most of them live in the cities and are moderately inadequate. wizard billion or one-sixth of the world come from the recondite developed countries.Sachs says the great tragedy of our cartridge adjudgeer is that one-sixth of the worlds population is not even on the first rung of the ladder. A large itemise of the extremumly s behindt(p) in level one are caught in the poverty seaman and burnnot execute it. They are trapped by disease, material isolation, climate stress, environmental degradation, and extreme poverty itself.He breaks poverty into terce levels Extreme poverty path theatres cannot equal grassroots require for survival. This scarce occurs in developing countries. valet de chambres Bank says their income isless than $1 a day. Moderate poverty is where of necessity are generally just barely met. universe Bank says this represents countries where their income falls between $1 and $2 per day. Relative poverty g enerally defines mob income level at being below a given percent of the sightly national income. You find this in developed countries.He then presents the Challenge of our Generation which includes Helping the shortest of the poor escape the misery of extreme poverty and help them begin their climb up the ladder of sparing development. Ensuring all who are the worlds poor, including moderately poor, have a chance to climb spunkyer in scotch development.He believes that the quest can be done Meet the millennium developing Goals by 2015. break off extreme poverty by 2025. To ensure well forwards 2025, that all of the worlds poor countries can make real work up up the ladder of stinting development. To effectuate this with modest pecuniary help from the robustes countries, which hap be much(prenominal) than than than is now provided per capita.Chapter iiThe Spread of scotch ProsperitySachs uses several graphs in this chapter. I allow for not go into detai l on these, exactly I will point out round salient points All regions of the world were poor in 1820. All regions experienced economicalalal progress, though some much more than others. Todays richest regions experienced by far the greatest economic progress. As an example, Africa has only proven at .7% a approach shotible class cartridge clip the USA at 1.7%. This may not seem much, but when compounded social class-by-year, it results in the great differences between the cardinal. The key fact instantly is not the transfer of income from one region to another, but rather that the general add in the worlds income is happening at different rates in different regions.Until the 1700s, the world was remarkably poor by todays standards. A study veer was the industrial novelty coming to certain regions and not toothers. The steam engine was a peremptory turning point because it mobilized the vast store of primary energy which unsecured the mass production of good nesss and work. Modern energy fue guide all(prenominal) prognosis of the economic catch false.As coal send awayed industry, industry fueled political power. Britains industrial breakthrough created a huge military and mo lowestary proceeds. entirely Britain similarly had existing individual initiative and social mobility than most other countries of the world. They overly had a strengthening of institution and liberty. Britain overly had a study geographicalal advantageone of isolation and protection of the sea, in addition to entranceway to the oceans for worldwide tape drive for their goods and importation of other countries goods.Sachs then goes on to outline what has protected major economic harvest-tide Modern economic evolution is accompanied by people moving to the cities, or urbanization. This nitty-gritty fewer and fewer people produce the nourishment that is required for the estate. Hopefully, food price per farmer decreases as larger plots are farme d more productively. This in any case means sparsely populated state of matter makes good sense when some farms are needed to grow the work ons, but sparse land makes miniature sense when more and more people are engaged in manufacturing in the cities. Modern economic reaping fostered a revolution in social mobility which affected social ranking of people. A fixed social dress calculates on status quo and agrarian population. on that point is a change in g abolisher roles with economic development. This affects living conditions as well as family structure. The desired number of children decreases. The division of labor increases. By specializing in one exertion sooner of umteen, productivity increases.The diffusion of economic harvest occurred in three main forms From Britain to its colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand. (It was therefore comparatively straight-forth to transfer British technologies, food tramps and even legal institutions.) A ga me diffusion took place within europium that ran from Western Europe to easterly Europe, and from Northern Europe to Southern Europe. The third wave of diffusion was from Europe to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.Sachs believes that the single most important reason for prosperity scatter is the transmission of technology and the vagarys central it. The technological advances came at different beats. The first wave revolved around the invention of the steam engine which led to factory-producing goods. The second wave in the 19th century was led by the introduction of the rail and telegraph. It also included the introduction of steam ships instead of sailing ones, and the construction of the Suez weedal. The third wave was initiated by electrification of industry and urban orderliness. Along with this came the development of the internal combustion engine. The tail wave came in the 20th century with the globalization of the world due to new methods of colloquy starting i n Europe. There came a time of a great rupture which took place with the start of World state of war I, and officetracked economic development for a maculation. This led to the Great Depression which led to World War II. A fifth wave took place right later on World War II, and in 1991. It began with the big efforts of reconstruction of Europe and Japan right later on World War II. Trade barriers began to come down.There were three worlds the first was the developed West, the second was comprised of Socialist countries, and the third was made up of undeveloped countries (which were made up of the old colony countries). The world therefore progressed on three tracks. The problem was that the second and third worlds did not share in economic process and actually went backward. By closing their economies, they c retrogressd themselves off from economic development.So what did this mean to the poorest of the poor countries? They did not begin their economic growth until decades later. They faced geographical barriers of being land-locked They faced the brutal evolution of the colonial powers. They made disastrously bad choices in their national policies.Chapter ternion wherefore Some Countries FailIn this chapter, Sachs looks at the cause of poverty and possible solutions.He first deals with, how a familys per-capita income might increase The first way is through savings either in interchange or similar assets like animals, etc. The second way is displacement to crops that bring a full(prenominal)er outcome per hectare, and then adding value to the crop (which is what we teach in our PAD training). The third way is adopting new technology, which reforms their productivity. The fourth way is preference boom, which means to move to a much larger and more fertile farm.The flip side of increasing their economic growth is by decreasing their per capita income which is more than just the opposite of the above factors omit of savings is of course one way to reduce per capita income. Lack of championship, mean that a household hears of the new crop but cannot take advantage of it and stays with what they have. Technological reversal is when something like HIV hits an area and children lose their parents etc. Natural resource decline is where the land becomes less and less fertile producing less and less crops. Adverse Productivity Shock is where a natural disaster hits like a drought, tsunami, earthquake, typhoon, etc. Population growth lessens per capita income where the father has two hectares of land and it is divided among his five sons at his death. at one time Sachs begins to get into the true heart of poverty on a arena level The poverty trap itself is where poverty is so extreme that the poor do not have the ability by themselves to get out of the mess. Physical geography plays a major role where countries are land-locked with poor or no roads, a lack of navigable rivers, or placed in mountain ranges or de serts with an extremely high transportation salute. The low productivity of the land is another factor in the geography. The fiscal trap is where the government lacks the resources to pay for the necessary base on which economic growth depends. Government failure happens when the government is not concentrating on high priority infrastructure and social service projects. Cultural or apparitional barriers in particular as it relates to gender inequality play a noteworthy role in dampening economic growth. Geopolitics such as trade barriers can impede economic growth. Lack of innovation and technology plays a role if people cannot trynew things because they cannot risk failure, or because they do not have cash in hand to do so. Sachs believes that over the span of two centuries, the lack of using new technology is why the richest and poorest countries have diverged. He shows a scatter-gram graph showing there is a demographic trap as well. The higher the fertility rate, th e set out rate of economic growth there is in a countrified. When they have too many an(prenominal) children, they cannot induct in education, nutrition, or health, except maybe for the oldest male. One of the best ways to lower the number of children per family is through the education of the girls.Sachs then goes into detail in draw upting countries into different classes. He points out that none of the rich countries in North American, Western Europe or East Asia have failed to grow economically. All the problems lie in the developing world where 45 of these countries had a fall in GDP. Not all of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. He also points out that the inunct-exporting and ex-Soviet countries, all high income countries, did not increase their economic growth evenly, primarily because of their haughty political structure.He also points out that the most important factor is agriculture. Those countries that used high yield cereals per hectare and that used hig h levels of fertilizers are the poor countries that tend to experience economic growth. In Africa, the land is much less densely populated but they use neither high yield cereals nor fertilizers and they had falling food production per capita. But they also have far less roads for transporting extra crops to markets and they depend on rainfall which is generally more erratic than high-producing agricultural countries.He also goes on to point out the following Economic growth is rarely uniformly distributed across a field. Governments also fail in their role in allowing growth that might enrich the rich households, plot the poorest living in the same area seldom seem to benefit. Another detriment to growth can be culture especially as it relates to women inequality.Chapter FourClinical Economics (CE)Sachs compares clinical economics to clinical medicine. He lays out five parameters for Clinical Economics CE is made up of complex corpses. The failure in one system can lead to cascades of failures in other parts of the economy. You therefore need to deal with very broad and multiple issues. CE practitioners need to l shit the art of clinical diagnosis. The CE practitioner must hone-in on the key underlying causes of economic distress and prescribe appropriate reme lives that are tailor-made to each countrys condition. Treatment take to be viewed in family terms, not individual terms. The entire world is part of each countrys family. If countries work together they can have far more allude than working in isolation. Good CE practice requires monitoring and evaluation. more than just request if the final stages are being extend tod, but also asking why? and why not? The development corporation lacks the requisite honest and professional standards. Economic development does not take its work with the sense of responsibility that the task requires. It demands that honest advice be given.He points out where economic development practice has gone w rong The rich countries say, beggary is your own fault. Be like us, have a free market, be entrepreneurial, fiscally responsible and your problems will be gone. The IMF period of structural adaption which supposedly dealt with the four maladies of poor boldness, excessive government intervention in the markets, excessive government sp shutdown, and too much state ownership were not solved by the IMF prescription of belt tightening, privatization, liberalization, and good governing body. The responsibility for poverty reduction was assumed to lie entirely with poor countries themselves.He then lays out his differential diagnosis for poverty reduction. He believes the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) goes a long way in reducing poverty. at a time the diagnosis is completed, a proper treatment regime must be carried out. In doing differential diagnosis, questions must be asked in each one of the following areas Identify and map the extent of extreme poverty from the household level all the way up through the community to the country to the state in all areas of animation. Thesecond set of questions deals with the economic insurance policy framework. The third set deals with the fiscal framework. Fourth deals with physical geography and human bionomics. Fifth, the questions deal with the patterns of governance. History has shown that democracy is not a prerequisite for economic development. Sixth are questions which deal with cultural barriers that hinder economic development. The destination are questions that are related to geopolitics which involves a countrys credential and relationship with the rest of the world.The next six chapters, five through ten, deal with specific countries that have gone through this process, and their results. His results are quite impressive. I will not deal much with each country, but an individual chapter might be of interest to the RC involved if he is interested in such things.Chapter FiveBolivias High Rate of Inflation difficultyA hyperinflation rate of 3000% (30 generation) between July 1984 and July 1985 with a longer term hyperinflation rate of 24,000%.Lessons acquire Stabilization is a complex process. Ending a large budget deficit may be the first step but controlling the underlying strong points that cause the budget deficit is much more complex. Macroeconomics tools are limited in their power. Successful change requires a combine of technocratic knowledge, bold political leadership, and broad social participation. Success requires not only bold reforms at home, but also financial help from abroad. shortsighted countries must demand their due.Chapter SixPolands Return to Europe caperBy the end of 1989, Poland had partially su authoriseed its international debt payments. The economy was pain from high rate of uphill inflation and there was a deepen political crisis.Sachs approach in Poland, as in other countries, was construct on five pillars Stabilizationending the hi gh rate of inflation, establishing constancy and convertible currency. Liberalizationallowing markets to function by legalizing hush-hush economic activity (ending price controls and establishing necessary laws). Privatization identifying private owners for assets currently held by the state. Social netpensions and other benefits for the elderly and poor were established. Institutional Harmonizationadopting, step-by-step, the economic laws, procedures, and institutions.Lessons in condition(p) He l crystalliseed how a countrys fate is crucially determined by its specific gene linkages to the rest of the world. Again the importance of the basic guidance concept for broad-based economic transformation, not to stand alone with reissue solutions. Saw again the practical possibilities of large-scale thinking He learned not to take no for an answer, press on with your guidance. By the time a country has fallen into deep crisis, it requires some external help to get back on tra ck. This help may be in the form of getting the basics right which includes debt cancellation and help to bolster trust in the reforms.Chapter SevenRussias Struggle for Normalcy businessThe Soviet Union relied almost entirely on its oil and gas exports to earn unusual exchange, and on its use of oil and gas to run its industrial economy. In the mid- 1980s, the price of oil and gas plummeted and the Soviet Unions oil production began to fall.Sachs suggested three actions of the West (but generally they were ignored by the West) A stabilization fund for the ruble. Immediate suspension of debt regressment followed by cancellation oftheir debts. A new aid program for transformation focusing on the most vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy.Lesson Learned Despite much turmoil and rejection much went right so that eventually Russia became a lopsided market economy, still focused on oil and gas. Russia has a gigantic land mass which causes it to have few linkages with other nat ions of the world. Their population densities are low and agrarian and food production per hectare remains low. Over history, 90% of the population has been verdant, with cities few and far between. This hinders economic growth. Without adequate aid, the political consensus around the reforms was deep undermined, thereby compromising the reform process.Chapter EightChina Catching Up after a Half Millennium Being Isolated ProblemChina lost its economic and cultural lead that it had in its betimes history. Sachs points out five dates which caused this 1434 China had been the technological superpower. This year Emperor Ming close China to the rest of the world and stopped their advanced ship fleets from expiration out to the world. 1839 China finally cease its economic isolation. 1898 Several preteen reformers tried to gain power and were stopped. 1911 Ching Dynasty collapsed and by 1916 China was falling into civilised unrest. Their military took control of the empire. 1 949 the rise of the Maoist run.He then compares China to Russia The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had massive foreign debt while China did not. China has a large coastline that supported its export growth, while Russia and Eastern Europe do not. China had the benefit of large off-shore Chinese business communities which acted as foreign togors, while Russia and Eastern Europe did not. The Soviet was experiencing a drastic decline on their main export product, oil and gas. The Soviet Union had gone further down the industrialization road thanChina.Chapter NineIndia Market Reform Which Was the Triumph of Hope Over venerate ProblemIndia was controlled by a business, British East India Company, which was driven by greed, and it did everything to maximize profit for the company at the expense of the country. Though Indias population throughout history has been Hindu, vast metrical composition of Muslims and Christians lived in and sometimes dominated the land. India had poor po litical and social structures because the land was broken into many half-size kingdoms governed by many different leaders. In addition, India has the caste-system of stratification of peoples.With independence from the British in 1947, Nehru looked for a path to self- sufficiency and democratic socialism. The super acid Revolution had a major impact on the country as high yield crops were introduced. By 1994, India now faced four major challenges Reforms needed to be extended especially in liberalization and the development of new and better systems. India needed to invest heavily in infrastructure India needed to invest more in health and education of its people, especially the lower castes. India needed to figure out how to pay for the needed infrastructure.Lessons Learned The 21st century is in all likelihood to be the era when this poor countrys economic development is substantially reversed. The country has announced electrical energy for all as well as essential health services and imbibition peeing for everyone. These are achievable goals and the basis for much-needed investing. The Hindus did not conk growth. The Green Revolution and then market reforms overrode the rigidness of the caste-system and the slow growth of the 1950s and 1960s. India has become increasingly urbanized, thereby further weakening the caste-system. country is wearing away age-old social hierarchies. India has grabbed the potential of the internet and IT and is principal the way fordeveloping nations in this regard. Indias varied geography and its miles and miles of shoreline fosters its market position for the manufacture of products.Chapter TenAfrica and the DyingProblemThree centuries of striver trade were followed by a century of colonial rule which left hand Africa bereft of educated citizens and leaders, basic infrastructure, and normal health facilities. The borders followed arbitrary lines, not diachronic tribal lines which now divided former empires , ethnic groups, ecosystems, wetsheds, and resource deposits.The West was not willing to invest in African economic development. Corruption was not the central cause for their economic failure as he showed. In the 1980s, HIV became the worse killer of mankind. In 2001, life expectancy stood at 47 old age, while East Asia stood at 69 years, and developed countries at 78 years.Sachs spends time looking at the major diseases of malaria, TB, diarrhea, and HIV. He says poverty causes disease and disease causes poverty.Lessons Learned Good governance and market reform alone are not sufficient to set just about growth if a country is in a poverty trap. geographics has conspired with economics to give Africa a particularly weak hand. Africa lacks navigable rivers with access to the ocean for easy transport and trade. Africa lacks irrigation and depends on rainfall for their crops. Farmers lack access roads, markets, and fertilizers, while soils have been long depleted of their nutrie nts.Chapter ElevenThe Millennium, 9/11, and the fall in Nations. The beginning part of this chapter deals with the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs says that the goals and lading to reach them by 2015 convey the hope that extreme poverty, disease, and environmental degradation could be eased with the wealth, the new technologies, and global awareness with which weentered the 21st century. He says the first seven-spot goals call for sharp cuts in poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while the eighth goal is essentially a commitment to global partnership. Because you have all seen them, I am not including them here.Regarding 9/11, he says we need to keep it in perspective. On 9/11, 3000 people died for once and for all, but 10,000 people die each day from diseases that are preventable.He believes we need to address the deeper grow of terrorism of which extreme poverty is an important element. The rich world ineluctably to turn its efforts to a much greater extent from military strategies to economic development. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke of freedoms we were fighting for in WWII and for which we still should be attempting to accomplish Freedom of speech and expression everyplace in the world. Freedom for every mortal to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. Freedom from want which translates into economic development. Freedom from fear which translates into a worldwide reduction in armament, a reduction to such a point that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor.One major thing he is suggesting is that the rich countries elevate their giving to .7% of their gross national product from the average of .2% it is today. The rest of the chapter is about President Bush and the USA policies and actions.Chapter TwelveOn-The-Ground Solutions for Ending PovertyThis chapter is really talking about CHE, but Sachs does not realize it. He says that the worlds challenge is not to overcome laziness and corruption but rather to take on geographic isolation, disease, vulnerability to climate shocks, etc. with new systems of political responsibility that can get the job done.He talks about a village of less than 1,000 in western Kenya, in a Sauri sub-location (in Siaya district in Nyanza province) that he visited, which opened his eyes. He anchor what we find place after place that they are destitute, but they are capable and resourceful. Though attempt to survive, presently they are not dispirited but determined to improve their situation. He then goes on to describe the needs of a rural African community, the same type of community that we deal with every day, as shown in the abundance of applications we get a line for CHE. A major problem, he feels, is that the farmers do not have the money to buy fertilizer that would impact their crop productivity drastically. Also they have no prepare or clinic.He then begins to calculate what it would cost per person to bring a school and teachers, simple clinic and staff, medicines, agriculture inputs such as seed and fertilizer, safe imbibing water and simple sanitation, and power transport and communication services. The total cost for Sauri is about $350,000 a year, which converts to $70 a person per year, which could revolutionize the community. If he did CHE, the total cost and per person cost would be greatly reduced. He then goes ahead and extrapolates this up for the country of Kenya to $1.5 billion.At the same time he points out that Kenyas debt service is $600 million a year and that it needs to be cancelled. But one problem that presenters talk about is corruption needing to be eliminated. If countries do not eliminate corruption, they would not be eligible for relief. Also, a budget and management system need to be designed that will reach the villages and be monitorable, governable, and scalablea set of interventions to ensure good governance on such a historic projec t. The key to this is to empower village-based community organizations to oversee village services.Most of what he says in this chapter unsoundeds like CHE to me, but we can do it at even a lower cost and we have the experience to implement it. That is why I said earlier that we need to talk to Sachs about CHE.He then goes on with this theme but changes the venue from rural to urban in Mumbai, India in a slum community built thunder up against the railroad tracks, one-house deep. He points out the outstanding needs are not latrines, running water, nor safety from trains, but empowerment so they cannegotiate with the government. He then mentions that several groups have been found and authorise to do this in this community. Again sounds like CHE for urban poor.Sachs says what this community needs is investitures in the individual and basic infra-structure that can empower people to be healthier, better educated, and more productive in the work force. CHE deals with the individual side of the equation.He ends this chapter by discussing the problem of scale. He says everything must start with the basic village. The key is connecting these basic units together into a global network that reaches from impoverished communities to the very centers of power and back again. This, too, is what we are talking about when we describe scoring-up and creating a movement and then forming it into councils and collaborative groups.He believes the rich world would readily provide the missing finances but they will esteem how to ensure that the money made available would really reach the poor and that there would be results. He says we need a strategy for scaling up the investments that will end poverty, including governance that empowers the poor while dimension them accountable. I believe CHE fits his prescription.Chapter ThirteenMaking the Investments Needed to End Poverty Sachs says the extreme poor lack six kinds of capital Human heavy(p) health, nutrition, and skills ne eded for each person to be productive. Business Capital the machinery, facilities, and equip transport used in agriculture, industry and services. Infrastructure Capital water and sanitation, airports and sea ports, and telecommunications systems that are critical inputs for business productivity. Natural Capital cultivable land, healthy soils, biodiversity, and well- functioning ecosystems that provide the environmental services need by human society. Public Institutional Capital commercial law, judicial systems, government services, and policing, that underpin the peaceful and prosperous division of labor. Knowledge Capital the scientific and technological know-how that raises productivity in business output and the promotion of physical and natural capital.He spends several pages on charts showing income flow. He also uses the example of child survival and how it applies to the six kinds of capital. He makes the point that even in the poorest societies, primary education al one is no longer sufficient. He says all youth should have a minimum of 9 years of education. He says practiced capacity must be in the unit of society from the bottom up. He talks about trained community health workers and the role they can play. Villages around the world should be helped in adult education involving life and death issues such as HIV.The main challenges now is NOT to show what works in small villages or districts but rather to scale up what works to encompass a whole country, even the world. Again sounds like CHE and where we are going.He goes through several examples where major diseases are being dealt with such as malaria, river blindness, and polio, as well as spread of family planning. He also briefly talks about the cell phone revolution by the poor in Bangladesh and how East Asia has established Export Processing Zones, all of which are up the life of the poorest of poor nations.Chapter FourteenA Global Compact to End PovertyHe says the poorest countries th emselves must take seriously the problem of ending poverty and need to devote a greater share of their national resources to accomplish this. Many poor countries pretend to reform while rich countries pretend to help them. The chronic lack of donor financing robs the poor countries of their poverty-fighting zeal. We are stuck in a show play that is not real.There are two sides in a compact. In this compact, there should be the commitment in the rich countries to help all poor countries where the corporal will to be responsible partners in the endeavor is present. For the other poor countries where authoritarian or corrupt regimes hold sway,the consequences for the population are likely to be tragic but the rich countries have their limits also.He spends time looking at several countries that have Poverty Reduction Strategies where some are working and some not. Ghana is a star in his book.He says a true MDG-based poverty reduction strategy would have five parts A Differential Diag nosis which includes identifying policies and investments that the country needs to achieve the MDGs. An Investment send off which shows the size, timing and costs of the required investments. A Financial be after to fund the Investment Plan, including the calculation of the MDG financing rift, the pot of the financial needs that donors will have to fill. A Donor Plan which gives multi-year commitments from donors for shock the MDGs. A Public Management Plan that outlines the mechanisms of governance and earth administration that will help implement the expanded unrestricted investment plan.During the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF forced Structural Readjustment on the poor countries which did not work. The poor were asked to pay all the expenses for new services. They then moved to a compromise called Social Marketing where the poor were asked to pay a component part of the expense. But neither plan worked because the poor did not have large even to eat, much less pay for el ectricity.He says a sound management plan should include the following Decentralize. Investments are needed in all the villages and the details for what is needed needs to be established at the village level through local committees, not the national capitol or Washington DC. Training. The public sector lacks the talent to oversee the scaling up process. Training programs for capacity building should be part of the strategy. Information Technology. The use of propoundation technologycomputers, e-mail and mobile phones needs to increase drastically because of the dramatic increase of knowledge that needs to be transmitted. Measurable Benchmarks. all MDG based poverty reduction strategy should be supported by quantitative benchmarks tailored to national conditions, needs, and dataavailability. Audits. No country should receive greater funding unless the money can be audited. Monitoring and Evaluation. individually country must prepare to have investments monitored and evaluat ed.He then goes through the following Global Policies for Poverty Reduction The Debt Crisis. The poorest countries are unable to repay their debt, let alone carry the interest. Therefore, for each country that agrees to the guidelines noted previously, their debt must be cancelled if there is to be true poverty reduction. Global trade Policy. Poor countries need to increase their exports to the rich countries and thereby earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods from the rich countries. Yet trade is not enough. The policy must include both aid and trade. The end of agriculture subsidies is not enough for this to happen. Science for Development. The poor are likely to be ignored by the international scientific community unless special effort is made to include things that help the poor. It is more critical to identify the priority needs for scientific look for in relation to the poor than to mobilize the donor community to spur that research forward. That would inclu de research in tropical agriculture, energy systems, climate forecasting, water management, and sustainable management of ecosystems. Environmental stewardship. The poorest of poor nations are generally blameless victims of major long-term ecosystem degradation. The rich countries must live up to the ecology agreements they have signed. The rich countries will have to give added financial financial aid to the poor countries to enable them to deal with the ecosystem problems. The rich countries will have to invest more in climate research.Chapter FifteenCan The Rich turn over to Help the Poor?He asks the question Can the rich countries help the poor?, and his answer is Can they afford not to do so? He gives five reasons that show that the current effort is so modest. The numbers of extremely poor have declined close to 50% two multiplications agone to 33% a generation ago to 20% today. The goal is to end extreme poverty, not all poverty, and to close the gap between the rich a nd the poor. Success in ending the poverty trap will be much easier than it appears. Too little has been doneto identify specific, proven, low-cost interventions that can make a difference in living standards and economic growth (CHE does this). The rich world is vastly rich. What seemed out of reach a generation or two ago is now such a small fraction of the vastly expanded income of the rich world. Our tools are more fibrous than ever, including computers, internet, mobile phones, etc.He then spends time in doing calculations to show how this can be accomplished. First he starts with the World Bank. They estimate that meeting basic needs requires $1.08 per person per day. Currently, the average income of the extremely poor is 77 cents per day, creating a shortfall of 31 cents per day or $113 per person per year. He then shows that this represents only .6% of a nations GNP. The MDG target which many countries have agreed to is .7% of their GNP. Later on, he shows that the USA i s only using up .15% for aid to the world.Sachs then spends time on a six-step process to do a needs assessment to come up with the real number needed Identify the package of basic needs. Identify for each country the current unmet needs of the population. Calculate the costs of meeting the unmet needs through investments, taking into account future population growth. Calculate the part of the investments that cant be financed by the country itself. Calculate the MDG financing gap that must be covered by donors. Assess the size of the donor contribution relative to donor income.He proposes that interventions are required to meet the following basic needs Primary education for all children with a designated target ratio of pupils to teachers. Nutrition program for all vulnerable populations. frequent access to anti-malarial bed nets for all households in regions of malaria transmission. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation. One-half kilometer of paved roads for ever y megabyte population. Access to modern cooking fuels and improved cooking stoves to decrease interior air pollution.He states extreme poverty (a lack of access to basic needs) is very different from relative poverty (occupying a place at the bottom of the ladder of income distribution) within rich countries, and goes through a more detailed approach of implementing the six steps.He points out that not all donor assistance is for development. Much is used for emergency relief, care for relocation of refugees, geopolitical support of particular governments, and help for middle-income countries that have largely ended extreme poverty in their country. Also, only a small shell out of development aid actually helps to finance the intervention package. Much of it goes for technical assistance which is not part of the MDG numbers.He spends time on the question, Can the USA afford the .7% of their GNP? He responds with a deafening Yes He does this in multiple ways, one of which is to s how that the increase is only .55%, which would be hardly noticed in the USs average 1.9% increase year-by-year of its GNP.Chapter SixteenMyths and Magic BulletsThis is an provoke chapter because Sachs shoots down commonly held beliefs concerning the causes and solutions for poverty. He uses Africa as his case to do so. Contrary to popular conception, Africa has not have great tallys of aid. They receive $30 per person per year but only $12 of that actually went to be used in development in Africa. $5 went to consultants of donor countries, $3 went to food and emergency relief, $4 for operate Africas debt and $5 for debt relief. In reality, in 2002, only six cents per person went to development. Corruption is the problem which leads to poor governance. By any standard of metre Africas governance is low, but not due to corruption. African countries governance is no different than other poor countries in the rest of the world. organisation improves as the people become more li terate and more affluent. Secondly, a more affluent country can afford to invest more in governance. There is a democracy deficit. This is also not true. In 2003, 11 countries in Africa were considered free, with 20 more partially free, and 16 not free. This is the same as is found in other regions of the world. Democracy does not translate into faster economic growth. Lack of modern values. Again, this is also false. around every society that was once poor has been castigated for being unworthy until its citizens became rich and then their new wealth was explained by their industriousness.He traces this trend in multiple countries. One major factor that does cause change is the change in womens position in society as their economic situation improves, which accelerates the growth. The need for economic freedom is not fully true. chiefly market societies out perform centrally planned economies. This leads to the fancy that all is needed is that the people must have the will to liberalize and denationalise which is too simplistic. He shows that there is no correlation between the Economic Freedom Index and annual growth rate of GDP. The single idea of Mystery of Capital put forth by Hernando de Soto which relates to the security of private property including the ability to borrow against it is also incorrect. Most poor hold their assets such as housing and land. There is a shortfall of morals which is thought to be the main cause of HIV in Africa. A study shows that Africa men are no different in the average number of sexual partners they have than any other part of the world. obstetrical delivery children only to become hungry adults leads to population explosion. Actually it has been shown that the best way to reduce the fertility rate is to increase the economic status. In all parts of the world (except the Middle East) where the fertility rate is over 5 children, those countries are the poorest ones. As children survive, the parents feel less of a need to have more children which is a result of improved economic conditions. A rising tide lifts all boats. This means extreme poverty will take care of itself because economic development will pull all countries along to improvement. A rising improvement does not reach the hinder lands or mountain tops. Nature red in tooth and claw means that economic improvement is based on survival of the fittest and those who cannot compete fall behind. This is a Darwin thought which seems to still prevail throughout the world. Competition and struggle are but one side of the coin which has the other side of trust, cooperation, and collective action.He rejects the doomsayers who saying that ending poverty is impossible. He believes he has determine specific interventions that are needed as well as found ways to plan and implement them at an affordable rate.Chapter SeventeenWhy We Should Do ItThere are several fallacies which affect the USAs giving The American public greatly overestimat es the amount of federal funds spent on foreign aid. The US public believes that the government is providing massive amounts of aid. A 2001 survey by the University of Maryland showed that people felt that US aid accounted for 20% of the federal budget versus the actual of .15%. That is 24 times smaller than the actual figure. The American public believes that the US military can achieve security for Americans in the absence of a stable world. This has been proven untrue especially with 9/11. There is a fallacy in belief that there is a war of cultures. For many, this relates to Biblical prophesy of Armageddon and end times.The problem in the US is not opposition to increased foreign aid but a lack of political leadership to inform the public how little the US does supply, and then asking the US public to supply more.Hard evidence has established a strong linkage between extreme poverty abroad and threats to national security. As a general proposition, economic failure (an economy stuck in a poverty trap, banking crisis, debt default or hyper-inflation) often leads to a state failure. A CIA trade union movement force looked at state failures between 1954 and 1994 and found that the following three factors were most significant in state failure Very high infant mortality rate suggested that overall low levels of material upbeat are a significant factor in state failure. bleakness of the economy showed the more economic linkages a country had with the rest of the world, the lower chance of state failure. Democratic countries showed fewer propensities to state failure than authoritarian regimes.He then reviews what the US government has committed to since 9/11 Provide resources to aid countries that have met national reform. Improve effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks inraising living standards. put forward on measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the worlds poor . Increase the amount of development assistance that is provided in the form of grants, not loans. Since trade and investment are the real engines of economic growth, open societies to commerce and investment. Secure public health. Emphasize education. Continue to aid agricultural development.In reality, little progress has been done by the US to the accomplishment of these goals. But he does spend time discussing where plans were established and that funds were flowing where massive amounts of aid were provided by the USA End of World War II with the Marshall Plan which revitalized Europe and Japan. Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign started slow but ended up with large amount of national debt being cancelled in the poorest of countries. The Emergency Plan for HIV is providing $15 billion to fight this pandemic.The bottom line of this chapter is, OK, USA and other rich countries, you are saying good things, now step-up to the plate and do what you have agreed to do.Chapter xviiiOur Generations ChallengeOur generation is heir to two and a half centuries of economic progress. We can realistically envision a world without extreme poverty by the year 2025 because of technological progress which enables us to meet basic needs on a global scale. We can also achieve a margin above basic needs unprecedented in history. Until the Industrial Revolution, humanity had known only ceaseless struggles against famine, pandemic disease, and extreme povertyall compounded by cycles of war, and political despotism.At the same time, Enlightenment thinkers began to envision the possibility of sustained social progress in which science and technology could be harnessed to achieve sustained improvements in the organization of social, political,and economic life. He proposes four thinkers which led this movement Thomas Jefferson and other founders of the American Republic led the thought that political institutions could be fashioned consciously to meet the needs of society through a human-made political system. Adam Smith believed that the economic system could similarly be shaped to meet human need and his economic design runs parallel to Jeffersons political designs. Immanuel Kant called for an appropriate global system of governance to end the age-old scourge of war. Science and technology, fueled by human reason can be a sustained force for social improvement and human betterment led by Francis Bacon and Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet. Condorcet put much emphasis on public education to accomplish the goals.One of the most abiding commitments of the Enlightenment was the idea that social progress should be universal and not restricted to a corner of Western Europe. He said now it is our generations turn to help foster the following Political systems that promote human well-being Economic systems that spread the benefits of science, technology, and division of labor to all parts of the world. International cooperation in order to secure a perpet ual peace. Science and technology, grounded in human rationality, to fuel the continued prospects for improving the human condition.He then spends three or four pages discussing the good and bad points of the Anti-globalization Movement which is taking place. He also spends time discussing three movements which made these kind of changes in the world in their time The end of Slavery The end of Colonization The Civil Rights and Anti-Apartheid MovementHe closes with discussing the next steps which are Commit to ending poverty Adopt a plan of action built around the Millennium Development Goals Raise the voice of the poor Redeem the role of the united States in the world Rescue the IMF and World Bank Strengthen the unify Nations Harness global science Promote sustainable development get under ones skin a personal commitment to become involvedSummaryThis is an interesting book with new perspectives for me, and which is beginning to be taken seriously by the world. I believe, as st ated earlier, that MAIs role is on-the-ground solutions for ending poverty through CHE which is spelled out in Chapter 12. But, as also noted, we can do it at a far lower cost than he estimates because of our commitment to empowering people to do things on their own and primarily with their own funds.

Naukri.Com

NAUKRI. COM Industry- eBusiness is the integration of a partnerships line of military control including products, procedures, and go over the Internet. pic You turn your ships company from a production line into an eBusiness when you integrate your sales, marketing, accounting, manufacturing, and operations with your web identify activities. An eBusiness uses the Internet as a center for all bank line activities. eCommerce is the online component of an eBusiness. E-business may be defined as the conduct of industry,trade,and commerce using the computer net views. Naukri. om is an Indian moving in explore engine operating in India founded by Sanjeev Bikhchandani in March1997. This involvement settle al pitiablelys businesses to place business concern announcements and look through restores. People feel for employement send word post their resumes, ad links to their home page and lop the ads and look at potency employers home pages as well. The site was com plete in 1997 by selective instruction Edge (India) Ltd. Info Edge is a listed company on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange. It went usual in November 2006. As of March 31, 2011 Naukri. om had a database of about 25 trillion registered credit line seekers and over 80,000 live job listings from Corporate Customers. During the Fiscal social class 2010-11 Naukri. com serviced approximately 42,000 Corporate Customers, an average of about 12,000 resumes were added while about 72,000 were modified daily in the Naukri. com database in Fiscal division 2010-11. Overview In India Naukri. com has been bedded at 22nd spot as per Alexa traffic rankings. It has a world-wide ranking of 452. 2,480 sites sh are their links in the job opening. Usually approximately 9 minutes is spent by each viewer in the site nd all page is viewed most 42 trice approximately. Naukri is the leading job site in India and is the premier brand of Info Edge. It has single-handedly give n a advanced dimension to the concept of fight in the country. After it was found the company has left stooge e actually competitor. Naukri. com as a enlisting agency offers employment related function to both regular job seekers and leading placement agencies and recruiters and corporate houses. Its service are available in both India as well as outside the country. The jobsite offers a wide range of services such as Response Management Tools and Resume Database Access.Among its major services is recruiter branding solutions, Naukri PayCheck, Naukri. com Magazine, Resdex, Naukri on Mobile and Chat and job postings. The site has, at any clock age, 200,000 jobs and serves almost 35,500 corporate houses. It to a fault publishes a useful report named Naukri JobSpeak, which is brought out on a monthly basis. Corporate strategy Vision Vision is to establish a political platform where, in 20 years cartridge holder, every Indian who is looking for a job can find one. Mission b oth person looking for a Job should get one. Initial scheme (1997-2000) The initial marketing strategy was geared towards fulfilling two nonsubjectives.The first objective was to get the companies and placement consultants to list their jobs on the web site and the chip one was to get job seekers to visit the site. Towards achieving the first objective, an intensive wait exercise was carried out. The team went through the previous issues of several newspapers and magazines, went to libraries, scanned Yellow Pages and strengthened a mailing list that contained names and addresses of approximately twenty four thousand companies and placement consultants who had placed an advertisement for jobs in the last basketball team years.Letters were mailed out to them with goledge about the service. At the same time, another(prenominal) list of newspapers and magazines was compiled. Letters were also sent to these newspapers and magazines informing them of the introduction of this qu eer service. Advertising was also done but on a very small scale. It was restricted to small-classified displays in newspapers. In effect, initially, the marketing strategy of Naukri. com was establish on direct mailing and it was actually a very low cost one. Current Strategy (2001-2004) The marketing strategy currently macrocosm descended by Naukri. om is two pronged one, in the newss of their marketing private instructor Ayesha Kapur. Naukri. com deliberatees out to two segments primarily the job seekers and the employers. To reach out to recruiters, Naukri. com has a 130-140 strong sales force across the country that go both(prenominal)what and meet the clients face to face, introduce them to the products and explain them. The mechanism adopted to reach out to the other segment, that is, the job seekers, is aggressive publicise. The aggressive advertising has unplowed momentum only during the last year (2003-2004). Naukri. om has been advertising on tv and the print m edia and is now exploring radio as a medium for advertising its services and products. Advertisement on television has included promotion during the IndiaAustralia play game series telecast on the national T. V. network, Doordarshan, in the year 2001. Environmental factors The major external forces are SUPPLY AND DEMAND If the company has a demand for more(prenominal) professionals and there is limited cut in the market for the professionals demanded by the company, then the company will create to cipher upon internal sources by providing them special training and development programs.In this case naukri. com has to supply more resumes and employable populate. Labour market If there is surplus of manpower at the time of recruitment, even informal attempts at the time of recruiting alike notice boards display of the requisition or announcement in the confrontation etc will attract more than enough applicants. IMAGE / GOODWILL bod of a company is based on what organiza tion does and reached by industry. Good companies looking for candidates at naukri. com will sum up the outlet of people joining the site for future searches. governmental-SOCIAL- LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Various government regulations prohibiting discrimination in hiring and employment have direct impact on recruitment practices. any law or regulation will affect the number of resumes forwarded by naukri. com for example if there are reserved place for SC/ST in a company then naukri. com will have to filter out those matching this criteria. COMPETITORS To face the competition, legion(predicate) a quantify the organizations have to change their recruitment policies according to the policies being followed by the competitors. Naukri. om has to follow with companys policies and update its website with same on real time basis. Business Process pic Naukri. com is currently sited in the online recruitment and job search space. It can define its business based on products and serv ices delivered or customer functions fulfilled. A assertable list of renderings could include online advertising site for vacancies Internet based recruitment related products and services business online resume source online culture source for job seekers on available jobs online job practise method online resume services for job-seekers, etc. Another counselling of defining a firms business is to base the definition on the firms core competencies. Naukri. com has developed competencies in creating and runnel a website and associated technologies. The firm is competent at facilitating matches between the job providers and the job seekers using its website and the power of Internet and email. This definition enables the firm to diversify in the future to any product category where the firm can relieve matches between two or more sets of parties using a website, the Internet, and e-mail through its proprietary technology and databases. A visit to naukri. com website indic ates that the firm is already experimenting with matrimonial matches and matches involving owners of building plots, houses, and apartments with those seeking to purchase or rent property. difficulty definition As the number of unemployable people is rising we motivating a method by which Just in time get crush for finding the jobs by unemployable people and finding of employees by the company becomes efficient. Requirement analysis As Is To be Notice boards, print ads, word of mouth wind vane portal Results oriented Process oriented disordered level coverage of notice Wide area coverage of information JIT process efficiency is low JIT process becomes efficient Difficult in rile to information Easy access to live employment opportunities depressive disorder records of database of searchers and recruiters Large records updated daily Public access, private access not possible Private access possible Technology The database collection. World Wide Web iFind Te chnology The iFind algorithm is powered to find what you mean, not fair what you type. This increases the mess of germane(predicate) resumes available to you to choose from. The ION platform is fitted with security features to cover substance abuser authentication Safe platform administration Secure communication protocols Additionally, the platform is compatible with standard security features, such as the ones related to the setup of secure networks (in particular VPN technology, firewalls/routers NAT configurations, SSH connections). E-apps performance for employers to manage responses. applicant tracking corpse (ATS) DSS pic Technologies used and their preference with increasing volumeAttributes and Characteristics Faster search Secured access personalize data Customization of data Privacy protocol Huge records for recruiter and applicant to search from make up effective Global reach Reduction in recruitment time by 60% Usability from stakeholder points of view For job hunters Ease of access to one million million millions of jobs. Personalized format Secure login Global reach Application time is reduced Resume developments For employers Connectivity to millions of job hunters Real time information updates germane(predicate) search E apps to manage resonses Ease in passing information For government Increase in GDP Increase in valuate taxs Low unemployable rate IT Infrastructure requirement pic 5 degree model of naukri. com infrastructure pic Firewall It is a software act mounted on a server at the point where a company is affiliated to the internet. Its purpose is to prevent unauthorized access into the company from outsiders Demiliterized zone In a DMZ configuration, most computers on the LAN run behind a firewall connected to a public network like the internet. bingle or more computers also run outside the firewall in the DMZ. Cost benefit analysis They made the market more efficient by trim back search cost and performance cost thus devising it attractive to get into this market.It is important to understand the reasons for naukri. com and other similar websites registering tenuous growth. The job market existed before but naukri. com and other similar websites took initiatives to make haste certain activities performed in this market. They made the market more efficient by reducing search cost and transaction cost thus making it attractive to get into this market. In this case, the efficiency in the market also brings in effectiveness as the cycle time to close the transaction becomes short leading to increased satisfaction. That is, when market becomes more efficient, trapped grade is released which manner a new revenue stream for the business organization.Trapped harbor is also released when a new value system gets created, for example, the value of a new found community of recruiters and job seekersthey existed earlier but as standalone entities. This leads to savings in co st to search the talent. For recruiters the cost advantage comes from reducing the cost of print ads and other traditional methods. Also they get the capital talent quickly so that they can hire the person for the position and continue their operations. For job hunters it saves their cost of running around for hunting down the required jobs. Challenges in Naukri. com business pic People- Convenience and connectivity ensures people are just click away to get the right kind of job.The ease of accessing the database for application for the jobs has made it easier for people to search the jobs which suit them. However with increasing number of applicants the increasing database makes it difficult to manage the large pool of offers. Moreover some co-success factors support both efficiency and effectiveness communities as parts of e-customer kindred management programs improve customer retention , thus avoiding high be of acquiring new customers. Implementation Its simple to describe e-commerce and the benefits expirationing from its implementation. Its not so easy to develop and deploy e-commerce systems. Companies have faced significant hurdle in these efforts Cost.E-commerce requires sophisticated, distributed systems based on new technologies that can touch many of a companys core business processes. As with all major business systems, e-commerce systems require significant investments in hardware, software, staffing, and training. Businesses need comprehensive solutions that are easy to use and thus help enable cost-effective deployment. Value. Businesses emergency to know that their investments in e-commerce systems will produce a return. They deploy e-commerce systems to achieve business objectives such as lead generation, business process automation, and cost reduction. They want to ensure that these objectives are met.Businesses also need flexible solutions so that they can easily adapt a system to meet changing business conditions. Security. Because the Internet provides almost universal access, a companys assets must be protected against misuse, whether accidental or malicious. At the same time, that protection should not compromise a sites usability or performance nor make its development too complex. in that location is an additional security issue Because e-commerce systems enable the collection and usage of subtile information about individual customers, companies also need to protect the loneliness of their customers. Existing Systems. Companies need to be able to harness the functionality of brisk applications into e-commerce systems.Most companies new to e-commerce already use information technology to conduct business in non-Internet environments in existing marketing, order management, billing, inventory, distribution, and customer service systems. The Internet represents an election and complementary way to do business. Its imperative that Internet e-commerce systems integrate existing systems in a manner that avoids duplicate function and maintains usability, performance, and reliability. Interoperability. Interoperability here means the linking of trading partners applications in order to exchange business documents. These systems must work together well in order to achieve business objectives. For example, the order-management application of a business partner must interoperate with the inventory applications of its suppliers.Interoperation between businesses reduces cost and improves performance. It enables the implementation of more dynamic value chains. Business partners Brijj- professional networking Merination- study material Jeevansaathi- Indian matrimonial site Allcheck deals- real estate in india Zomato- food guide 99 acres- real estate in india Shiksha- program line and career Mydala. com- deal offering site PEST abridgment POLITICAL 1. Government support for increasing Internet penetration in India. 2. revenue enhancement benefits to corporate. 3. Government policy to inc rease jobs 4. Pumping money in the infrastructure scotch 1. Booming Indian economy. 2. Increase in Indian GDP 3.Increase in ratio of Employed to unemployed people 4. Base of internet users compute by 10 to 11 times in last 6 years. SOCIAL 1. People spend more time on internet 2. Rise of social networking site 3. High priority on time and convenience. 4. Improving usage of Broadband and high computer literacy. TECHNOLOGICAL 1. increase in wideband services 2. Increasing penetration rate of broadband and wireless internet. 3. Better managed E business site for ease, privacy and advancements in net banking. SWOT Analysis naukri. com has the first mover advantage. It is still stipendiary off till date with naukri having the best brand recall in terms of job portals. The site design has received great bridal among Indians. (better than monster and timesjobs) It has the experience of being in the market for almost a decade. It has a large market share while monsterindia and Timesjo bs are far-off behind. It ranked as Indias number one job site on all parameters page view, reach, and traffic. It has the advantage of a clear revenue model since its inception. bit it has a few services that are dispense with to both job seekers and job providers, the majority of their services are stipendiary for by the recruiters. It has a very committed team. This is clear from the visits made by them to establish contact. It is known to have one of the best work atmospheres. Weaknesses It has a large number of employees and consequently the company incurs a high cost for managing salesforce. There is a high level of attrition. Employer Branding on Naukri. com is hardly visible which is a major product flaw on the portal Opportunities Internet users are increasing day by day. Approximately, 7. 5 million urban Indians are using the net. Further, with broadband infrastructure being involute out, there are more opportunities on the net. The scope of online recruit ment is, therefore, increasing. manage any other online recruitment company, it has the advantage of being a low cost medium of recruitment. SHIKSHA. om and JEEVANSAATHI. com are the group portals of naukri. com and have great potential The online opportunity for hiring in India is growing at 80-90 per cent each year. THREATS Chances are that many more potential competitors may gain entry into the market. It is rather possible that any one of the players may also provide value-added services to clients like conducting preliminary interviews, etc. Sabotaging the existing clients of naukri. com by its competitors recently and luring them with more listing and other value-added services at slightly more subvention can have a long term negative impact. While this issue can be tack-led out by naukri. om, if it continues, it may result in erosion of market advantage and loss of customer arrogance on a single job portal i. e Naukri and hence loss of brand loyalty. Ethical Issues 1 ) Web tracking E-businesses draw information on how visitors use a site through log files. Analysis of log file means turning log data into application service or installing software that can pluck relevant information from files in-house. 2) Privacy Most Electronic stipend Systems knows the identity of the buyer. So it is necessary to protect the identity of a buyer who uses Electronic Payment System. References http//www. slideshare. net/dipaliqween/infoedge