Spider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spider - Essay ExampleTo date, 40,000 species of spiders have been recorded. It has been verbalise that there might be thousands more which have yet to be discove vehement. These types have been install in all parts of the world except for Antarctica. According to Carl Alexander, author of Spiders, volume 8 (1929), the kingdom of spiders is Animalia, the phylum is Arthropoda, the fork is Arachnida, and the order is Araneae. (8) According to James H. Emerton, author of The common spiders of United States (1961), the most interesting types are slip spider and dusky widow spider. Mouse spider is discovered first in Australia, is not wounding to human, and its bite is dry. The dismal widow spider is found around the world, has a large body, and excretes poison discrimination that is harmful to human nerve (25). The scientific name given to the dimmed widow spider is genus Latrodectus Hesperuses. This spider is mostly found in the United States, mainly, North America. The spider got its name from the fact that the pistillate spiders usually eat the male spiders after mating. This characteristic of the distaff black widow spider makes a male spider to approach the female carefully and gradually. In order to mate, the male spider would sway the female spiders web in a certain way so that the female recognizes it and allows it to mate with her. The male spiders are not as venomous as the females as their main social function is to mate hence, they spend their entire lifetime searching for mates and even stop feeding. The female black widow spider have been known to be quite venomous, however, it is not life threatening as it secretes only a small amount of poison when bites. The body structure of a female black widow spider and a male are very different. The females have a shiny black body which is relatively longer. Moreover, there is a red marking just below the abdomen. The females are deplorable than the males. The males, however, are almost half the size of females. They have longer and leaner legs and most of them have red and yellow marks at the back. Both males and females body is parted in two. Their jaws are strong which accommodate poisonous fangs. They have a hard, long exoskeleton. According to Donald M. Tuttle and Edward W. Baker, authors of Spider mites of the United States, spiders have about sestet holes underneath their abdomen called eyes. The silk goes out from these holes to expose to the air, then, it converts to thread. Spiders female found its web from an super thin elastic silky thread. They use the glands that are in the lower part of their abdomen to form the web (34). According to Maggie Daley, author of Illinois insects and spiders, spiders have eight legs, eight eyes, and they do not have wing or chewing organs. Moreover, their bodies consist of two parts, the chest and the external part. The chest part is consists of the head with the ace and eyes, the stomach, legs and the mouth. The external p art consists of lungs, heart, liver, reproductive organs and the glands that play important role in producing the silk. (14) The black widow spider is further categorized into three main types, the Northern fatal widow Spider, the Western Black widow Spider and the Southern black Widow Spider. The Northern black widow is mostly found in the north east parts of USA and south east Canada. The Western Black Widow is mainly found in the western parts of USA, Canada and some parts of Mexico. Furthermore, the

Statement of purpose 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose 5 - Essay ExampleThis inspired me to get a course in college that would allow me to teach. In addition, I always valued studying a abroad language because I realized how important it is for a person to be globally competent specially at these times where the world is truly becoming smaller by the minute and those who ar fitting to speak and understand several languages are always at an advantage. I graduated English phrase and Literature in Arts College at Kuwait University in June, 2010 and save been employed at the Ministry of educational activity just a few months afterwards. I could say my dreams are coming true. However, when I started teaching, I stimulate discovered that there are still a lot I need to learn. Of course I understand that it has been just a few months since I started working but taking a possibility on the opportunities given me is a great factor I train been considering in enrolling to the postgraduate study. offspring as I am, m y passion to teach young people another language aside from their primeval tongue does not seem to be enough for me to be taken seriously both by my colleagues and bookmans. This challenged me to equip myself with a good education that would not only put me in a standstill to be respected but more so, to suck the authority that most successful professionals have so that I could efficiently give what I want my students to have. Taking the opportunity of getting help from my parents period I am still young and able, I considered schools the United Kingdom because I am attracted to the knockout of the country. Getting into the network, I truly appreciate most of the universities but I was exceptionally attracted to the University of Stirling. I have been reading approximately the testimonies of students who eventually confirmed this is the best university that fits my expectations in postgraduate study. One of the things I have been considering as someone who is aiming for excell ence in the services I give to my students and employer is the quality of education. Hellenbach and Stratikopolous, Stirling students whose testimonies are affix on the universitys internet profile mentioned that the university has a passing qualified teaching staff and with highly competitive academic level. Both are important to me and fill the top positions on my list of priorities in looking for a good school for me to enroll in. In addition, I also read slightly other students testimonies saying the school is a very multi-cultural place and people are used to foreigners, that students are made to feel totally welcome and comfortable regardless of nationality. As a Kuwaiti, these are factors I have been looking into as well because I know how environment could affect my learning process. I would like to learn as much as I can so that I have been looking for schools that would accommodate me as a human being and not just another student to add number to the many students aroun d the world. I have observed that most universities talk about how great their university is and how welcome the students are but some of those which I have browsed over in the internet only claim to be without backing up their claims with what the students say about their school. For Stirling, I admire their lawsuit of getting words from students because I believe no one can tell about a school better than the students who have experienced how it is to be in a certain school. I therefore look forward to working with competent professors and various students, sharing our ideas and experiences as we are moulded into the best

The Issue of Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issue of demise - Essay ExampleThe essay The Issue of Death talks about the issue of decease which has been debated for kinda some time with the philosophers putting their weight on the same issue. According to the old Greek proverb, death and sleep are brothers and as such, death is a function of sleep.Sleeping of the body occurs because the personal human universe is absent. Therefore, when human beings sleep, they do so in a state of complete unconsciousness as a result of failing to become self-conscious during the prior time to sleep. Death is equally the same as dormancy with the only variance resulting from one degree evidenced by the failure of regaining unconsciousness. A buffet argument to the concept that death is the same as sleep or a pee of plentiful sleep attributes death as annihilation to indicate a form of extinction, eradication or a form of extermination. The concept of annihilation towards death is considered based on the fact that unlike sleeping wh ere the person awakes, it never happens with a dead person. Once death strikes, the person is no longer at that place and it is impossible to regain the earlier form of that person. If in any case death was a form of deep sleep it was possible to regain consciousness after a certain period of time but it never occurs as such. When death occurs, an individual is not there and when an individual is, death is not. The counter argument based on death as annihilation that refutes claims of death as a deep sleep follows its premise through examination of previous supporting evidence of the concept.

The Benefits and Challenges of Working Virtually Essay

The Benefits and Challenges of Working Virtually - Essay ExampleThe paper The Benefits and Challenges of Working Virtually talks nigh the continued growth of the practical(prenominal) workforce, there argon challenges that both managers and employees may encounter.The popularity of the virtual workforce the likes of the teleworker has grown at a signifi standt rate, since the turn of the 21st century. The 1990 Clean Air Act and 1996 amendment brought ken to reducing carbon dioxide and pollution and conserving fuel. The Teleworker Exchange Act of 2007 was signed into law. It states that a telework policy must be established by each federal executive agency to have 100% of the eligible federal workforce by 2005. A survey conducted by Crook of International Data Corporation (IDC) on mobile enterprise claims that by 2015, more than one billion workers crosswise the globe will be working remotely or as virtual workforce.A virtual workforce is likewise known as a global workforce, di stributed team, virtual employee or team, or geographically dispersed team. The terminal figure virtual workforce refers to geographically dispersed employees within a single organization, business unit or directorate relying exclusively on information and communication technologies to communicate. These virtual employees are made up of individuals or groups of employees or subcontracts who function as a team on common projects around the global and across space and time. Time, distance, and advances in technology and communications has brought a change to the traditional employer and employee relationship.... Such changes include workplace environment, employees, employers, and culture. The global workforce, employee workplace flexibility, life balance, and the virtual work environment an employees expectation, motivation, and working relationship are different (Hoefling, 2003, p.131). With the continued growth of the virtual workforce, there are challenges that both managers and employees may encounter. According to Werner, Schuler, & capital of Mississippi (2012) the benefits of a virtual workforce are significant although not without challenges. Managers may find it increasingly effortful to keep virtual employees motivated, and employees may find it additionally difficult to stay motivated while working in an isolated and detached virtual environment (p. 57). Professional isolation concerns reflect the possibility that the virtual environment can change an employees opportunities for participation in traditional agency interaction, such as physically attending meeting, face to face contact like chatting around the water cooler or coffee area or taking smoke breaks and walks (Cooper & Kurland, 2002, p. 512). Some employees enjoy and thrive in environments where they can interact with others employees. The virtual workforce is unique in that these employees are not like the traditional office employees, they live and work all around the world, and there fore time and space becomes their norm.According to (Lojeski& Reilly, 2010) leaders know that to flourishing build critical mass among employees who are worlds apart geographically, culturally, and even spiritually, engendering healthy communities is key (p.58). According to Hoefling (2003) a company today

Reflect on the syndrome approach as a way to analyse complex systems Essay

Reflect on the syndrome approach as a way to analyse daedal systems. How did it help - Essay ExampleIn an attempt to reduce these nightmares another nightmare has been created. Hayden (2004) indicates that suburban theater of operations promised the two-fold dream of community, house and land with back yard pools and flowering trees. However, it has led to a rather decomposable problem. This is described as the Suburbia Syndrome. The Suburbia Syndrome has been united to a number of ills including obesity. The suburbia has also been linked to the crisis that unfolded in the recent past with the housing bust and the collapse of many financial institutions. Wasik (2009) has described the touch as the worst housing bust of all times and has linked it the realization of the American dream. The signal by every American to live in the suburbs is unsustainable as there is a connection between, economics, pedestal ownership and the environment. The price of energy and other factors m ake it very clear that the present course of suburbia is unsustainable. Suburban conditions start been linked to a situation of wastefulness and unsustainability.Jackson (1985, cited in Hayden 2004) indicated that the lengthy influence of suburbanization would slow down because of rising energy and land costs which would lead people back to urban centers. However, this was not to be as Americans have settled on the fringes of metropolitan regions much faster than they have ever done (Hayden 2004). More Americans were living the suburbs in 2000 than those living in central cities and rural areas have (Hayden 2004). Many of the key economic and cultures centers including corporate headquarters and regional theaters had relocated to the suburbs. This was so while position was becoming more abundant in the urban centers. This indicates moving from one problem to another as the move to relieve the urban centers of certain problems have created the same problems elsewhere.Once a subur ban area has been established the promoters

Parts of an APA Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parts of an APA Paper - Essay ExampleAs the style would be created in alignment with the American Psychological Association, there would in turn be an element of psychological consideration granted to its overall formation and creation. The primary section found within the created APA work, would be the first page, or the form of address page. A page that would consist of a header placed in the upper right go by corner, along with the first two words from the decided upon title. Next, what would follow would be the running head section, or the outlining of the title of the work.Lastly, the primary page would see its title mentioned once more, this time towards the middle of the page and midway down. Further information besides this, may include the individuals name, as well as the organization that they would know completed the work through. Attention to detail and construction would be of the utmost imperative, as the overall look compiled would be assessed to determine, whethe r or not, the information gathered would sufficiently warrant publication in the first place. side by side(p) the title page, would be the inclusion of an abstract. Its relevance is outlined as follows, A well-prepared abstract can be the most important paragraph in your article, (APA, 2002, p.12). For many who seek to observe written material, the abstract pass on most likely be the first thing that is viewed, in order to grasp the familiar character of the material that is to be presented as the reader goes over it. Further outlining the importance of this abstract, Readers frequently decide on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article this is true whether the reader is at a ready reckoner or is thumbing through a journal, (APA, 2002, p.12). With the understanding and approach towards reading the material bearing upon the construction of the abstract, the generator would need to construct the abstract in such a manner that would effectively detail the resul tant material that they would have gathered.As would be the case with the portions encompassing the written work, it would remain crucial that for each one portion would be produced in such a manner that would be succinct and accurate. The abstract would be a detailed account of what would reside within the paper itself, rather than an instance for assessment of the general nature of the work. The language used shall remain clear and easy to understand. Following the abstract, the next item to acclaim within the paper, would be the addition of an Introduction. The primary purpose of this section would be to state the issue(s) to be intercommunicate and the manner at which any research was performed, in order to come to a subsequent conclusion(s). As for length, A good introduction answers these questions in a paragraph or two and, by summarizing the germane(predicate) arguments and the data, gives the reader a firm sense of what was through with(p) and why, (APA, 2002, p.16). W hile the material would be discussed, it would be done so briefly, rather than in considerable detail. Lastly, the purpose of the piece, or the thesis statement, is outlined within the closing portion of the introductory section.The next section would be for the method. A section that would be divided into separate and would discuss such things as those who took part in the research, whatever things were used during the research and whatever methods that were interpreted in pursuit of conducting the research. The internal

The Will of God and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Will of God and Ethics - Essay ExampleThe fundamental irresolution of immortal is, Does God tell us what to do and therefore it is adept, or does God happen to be right and tell us the right thing to do? Does justice precede theology, or theology precede justice? The distinction is important. If one states that good precedes God, one might be being blasphemic, as God might do something evil in any respect, obedience to God is a immaculate logical consequence, not a highest duty. But if one states that God precedes good, the question is, why? As Sayre-McCord puts it, many provoke thought the right answers to these questions are found in an appeal to God. On their view, moral principles are the expression of Gods will they are His commands to us and they depress their authority from their source. In important ways, though, this merely shifts the puzzles clog a step. Whatever problems one might have making sense of eternal transcendent standards re-emerge when trying to m ake sense of an eternal transcendent being who might issue commands...One is also go forth with the difficulty of explaining why Gods commands are authoritative (2007). ... in light of which He counts as morally perfect), in which case speaking of morality as consisting of Gods commands will not explain the origin or temper of these independently existing standards...Alternatively, one might eschew an appeal to Gods knowledge or goodness and carry that there is no independent standard for Gods will and nature...If we reject the idea that Gods commands reflect His knowledge of right and wrong, and reject as well the idea that God is all good, it seems reasonable to wonder why his commands have any special authority (Sayre-McCord, 2007). Euthyphro exposes some of the obvious logical dilemmas of the theological position admirably. Socrates asks Euthyphro, What is the meaning of fear? For attention can hardly be used in the same sense when applied to the gods as when applied to othe r things. For instance, horses are said to require attention... When Euthyphros offers that piety is other obedience or share of the Gods, it begs the question, why would omnipotent entities care for what a human being has? Either the gods want the obedience of deal who can offer them nothing, in which case the gods are either petty or helpless, or they do not, in which case the gods do not care. This difficulty is especially applicable to the modern world assume an omnipotent and good God essentially obviates the idea of obedience or sacrifice, since God can get anything He wants. Further, Socrates exposes the issues of theodicy and hermeneutics, the question of what God or the Gods want. And further, Euthyphro, the gods were admitted to have enmities and hatreds and differences? If the gods had differences, then how could one be pious? accentuate to represent the general opinions of the god, or only obey directives of all the gods? Since

Movie report Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Movie Review ExampleThereby to deserve the white paternalism of matting Drayton, he should better be perfect in all other ways. He should not contract let out as being someone who justifies the white fear of a Black loser out to exploit an innocent white woman. The other surprising thing is that almost all the Black characters in the movie are tacitly obsequious towards the white characters, seeming totally unaffected by the corrosive rage imbuing the times in which this movie was made and released. The only Black rage one comes crossways in the movie is the Black rage aimed at a Black, as that of Dr. Prentices against his father. Moreover, in the climax it is monotone Drayton, the evident liberal representative of the white race in the movie, who is shown as giving the final verdict. plain he is asserting a white definition of assimilation, in which the colored subject should be uncoerced to dilute ones personal notions of racial identity.The ludicrous thing is that the movie ends with a rattling liberal redefinition of the American family, both white and Black family members having a good time at the dinner party table. Perhaps, nobody cares to notice that this new version of the ideal American family is being served dinner by a Black maid, a stock, hackneyed and stereotypical white idea of Black

Three stocks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three stocks - subsidization ExampleThese companies outstanding performance throughout the past five years in the stock securities industry make them the most preferable investment option.Microsoft Corporation deals with the development, licensing, marketing, and supports softwargon, services, and devices globally. It is based in Redmond, Washington and was founded in 1975. apple Inc. deals with the designing, manufacturing, and marketing of mobile communication and personal computers, media devices, and por delay digital music players across the globe. Its headquarters are in Cupertino, California and was founded in 1977. General motors deals with the designing, building, and selling of cars, trucks, crossovers, and automobile parts across the globe. Its headquarters of public presentation are in Detroit, Michigan and was founded in 1897.Microsoft has since the past 3 years been experiencing a huge gain profit year after year. Similarly General Motors and Apple have also had h uge gross(a) profits throughout the last 3 years. This strong financial record of the trinity companies is an assured swell thought investment. This financial statements are summarized in the table below.Also, from the S&P 500 index the three companies show good trends from the past 5 years. The S&P is an important tool when it comes to investment since it depicts the free-float harbor of the major 500 corporations in the US equity market. The S&P 500 is constantly updated mundane and can be used to track a companys high and low stock prices for a period of 5 years. Hence, an important tool when evaluating the risk or returns of a particular investment. information from the S&P index project a significant earnings growth in the three companies by over +30%. The S&P data index forecasts summary is shown in the table below.The three companies financial records with good profit margins and generated revenue have sustained the continual existence and gainfulness of the companies for decades. They have remained at the top despite the presence of

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR Dissertation

Investigation of cultural influences and regard on CSR - Dissertation ExampleIf it appears the target is not to be attained, then the procedure is reviewed and revised midway to avoid further waste of resources. Results are important at Toyota. INT 2 Oh, yes so youve read that phrase about Americanness? Well, I would not put it exactly that way, thats too black and white. But in more general terms, yes, Toyota wants to be perceived as a global company, a company that is a citizen of the world, so to speak. Whenever academicians talk of Japanese corporate coating, however, they typically cite Toyota. True, we embody a lot of the worry philosophies that are associated with Japanese management, like just-in-time, etc., but I would prefer to mobilise that we give a culture of constant quality improvement depending on the purpose of the business, not merely because the company is originally Japanese. (2) A survey and selection of social issues, among many, that the company may effec tively address Which issues are relevant to your horde country? Of those that are relevant, kindly describe the context or particulars in which they are considered relevant. What another(prenominal) issues other than those mentioned would you deem are relevant? Has your company chosen to address these issues through the CSR program? If not, why? If yes, why have these issues been chosen and others have not? INT 1 Toyota is undergoing a bit actually a lot of controversy because of the millions of cars it has had to discard in the past years. So there is the issue of consumer safety right there. The company used to be known for precise safety engineering and not sacrificing on quality or safety for the involvement of profit, but the way it appears now we are giving the impression that we are remiss. It is managements toil to bring the point home strongly that we are not neglectful, our mass production system and unanimity of component design across several vehicles just worked against us publicity wise. INT 2 I obtain my colleague talked to you about the recalls. Other than this, however, is the issue of Toyota being supposedly against more aggressive greenhouse rise reductions. There was some publicity about the company supposedly lobbying to extend the deadline for compliance. I would say that this is not true to the best of my knowledge. Toyota is always at the forefront of green technology, and of transparency in corporate brass as well. The company should have done better, however, in terms of publicity damage control. I think the public liaison had delayed in its response. It should not have reached the point where our company president should have been summoned at the Congressional hearing. If the publicity had been addressed sooner, he should have been spared having to explain personally. While there is nothing maltreat in a company president speaking for his company, the face-off between the American government on one hand, and a Japanese lea der on the other hand, could rub the wrong way for wad who remember the war and Japans emperor being made to sign the articles of surrender you know. (3) social function out a course of action and devising a program plan to address the selected issues granted the issues your company has selected, what program plans were arrived at to address them? How are these programs planned out? INT 1 I think you will find more of this in the company annual report. The programs are given

The realities of correctional officer misconduct and how to prevent it Term Paper - 1

The realities of correctional officer misconduct and how to prevent it - Term Paper ExampleThe changes in the prison house management system initially guaranteed safety for fe mannish inmates from the predatory sexual behavior of other inmates and male officers. While the system made necessary changes to manage the affairs inside the prisons, the incrimination of African American women continued to exist as they were considered less privileged than the white women.The socio-cultural disparity between the speeds that prevails in the American society also has made the female correctional staff of the African American communities to carry the images of their race as a sexually vulnerable. Smith (2012) also reveals that the male inmates and coworkers usually develop a veto stereotype in which female correctional staff are considered weak and sexually challengeable (p.1709). This grumpy scenario results in the honourable degradation of female staff, a larger part of whom gradually suc cumbs to low self-confidence due to the continuous exposure to stress and sexual advances of men. Increasing cases of the involvement of female officers in moral corruption have considerably challenged the law enforcement system of the country. The complications of the corruption increases to new magnitudes as more(prenominal) and more cases involving officer-inmate relationships come to light. Most important fact to note is sex is an inevitable part of human bread and butter and the self-control one possesses during the duty hours can only be deterrent that can prevent wicked activities related sexuality.There are numerous stories that report the incidents in which under trial detainees and prisoners falling in physical relationships with correctional staff. In a report, Duncan (2014) says that the love story of Batimore City Detention Center in which a correctional staff, Kirkland falls in love with an under-trial man, Loney, for whom the Kirkland smuggled contrabands and fina lly lands in

Current Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Current Crisis - Essay ExampleCongress, which continues to financial backing a mortgage tax deduction that gives consumers a tax incentive to buy more expensive houses. true estate agents, most of whom work for the sellers rather than the buyers and who earned higher commissions from selling more expensive homes etc (Bianco)The crisis is so deep that only the economic reform policies alone may non bring the desired results. more economists believe that the on-line(prenominal) recession may continue longer than anticipated. President Obama has taken lot of measures (Obama program) to forebode the current crisis which has been brought mixed reaction from the economic experts. This paper evaluates the criticism raised by CATO Institute, Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz and the support extended by Lawrence Summers to the Obama program.The American peoples changing life styles are one of the biggest factors for the current crisis. The greedy customers accepted the offers (loans) fro m the financial institutions with both hands. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to help them without even assessing their backgrounds or financial capabilities. The financial institutions miscalculated that the global economy will never exhaust and whatever the goods and services sold in the market will bring profit. Such irresponsible allocation of resources in the market was the main vitrine of the current problem. The banks have given more focus to the goods or services sold rather than the goods or services bought. In other words, they were more interested in selling of their services. They never thought in addition much about the returns against the services they provided. Once the balance between the services and goods sold and bought were destroyed, financial crisis came into exist. The banks decisions and behaviors with find to lending were not based on the economic theory of supply and demand. The supply must not be

Interoffice memorandum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interoffice scroll - Assignment ExampleMr. Forest emphasized that the clients served from the Roanoke branch are vital to the overall success of capital of Arizona Advertising. In this regard, may I request the following team members to give me relevant information to send for these issues Executive Team Member Information Needed Mr. Frank Rodgers Profile of Personnel Resigning and Reasons Branch Manager, kind Resources What have been done to replace them? Roanoke, Virginia The number of creative talents in the Branch Compensation and Benefits Package Ms. Emily smith Number of New and Current Accounts Manager, Advertising Projected Revenues and Time Frame Roanoke, Virginia for Completion Mr. Benjamin tweed Financial Statements of Phoenix Advertising Manager, Finance Compensation and Benefits Package The abovementioned team members are requested to forrader the information needed tomorrow afternoon to me through a detailed report with clear alternate(a) courses of action and p roposed recommendations to address the identified dilemma.

Vacation Memory About Namibia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vacation Memory About Namibia - prove ExampleJohn is an American who had come to Africa in the seventies and had attempted to hike from Cairo to the cape Town. However, when he had arrived in Botswana, he had fallen in love with the country and had chosen to settle. John had interpreted the liberty of hiring a vehicle for us and we all went to spend the night at his magnificent digest on the outskirts of the city.Early the next morning, we left Gaborone and traveled south until we came to the Trans-Kalahari road, which connects all the countries that receive the Kalahari abdicate inside their borders. It was here that my preconceptions of Africa being a backward place, a jungle, were forever shattered. The Kalahari Desert has a different ecosystem with some move of it being semi-arid and inhabited by cattle keepers who own large ranches. Other parts atomic number 18 filled with sand dunes as far as the eye can see and within these, one is likely to find antelopes that have ada pted to life in the desert. After every dickens hundred miles, there is a picnic area where long distance drivers take a chance on before continuing their journey. This is a measure that the government of Botswana has taken to ensure that accidents due to fatigue are avoided.We reached the Namibian border by and by eight hours on the road and the friendly customs officers quickly vindicated us to cross into Namibia. Immediately one enters Namibia, he is struck by the level of organization that the pile of this country have. One will note that all the buildings and roads are built in successive lines and that everybody is very orderly in all their activities. We were told that this characteristic was inherited from the Germans who were the first people to colonize Namibia after the partition of Africa. However, the place that fascinated me the most in this country was the city of Windhoek, which is the cleanest and best-organized city I have ever seen.

A Maternity Support Worker Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A motherhood Support Worker - Assignment ExampleA Maternity support c ar and the work of maternity support workers basically inculpate antepartum care, intrapartum care and postpartum care for women and babies. Antenatal care is care present/ occurring before ancestry or during pregnancy. It is an important termination for future parents to seek support and advice, explore their expectations as for future parents, their fears, concerns, and questions. However, this expiration is characterized by depression, commonly called antenatal depression/ prenatal depression. Couples are advised and helped about their depression in antenatal classes to prepare them for the misadventure of antenatal and postnatal depression. Maternity support care and the work of maternity support workers basically entail antenatal care, intrapartum care and postpartum care for women and babies. Antenatal care is care present/ occurring before birth or during pregnancy. It is an important period for futur e parents to seek support and advice, explore their expectations as for future parents, their fears, concerns, and questions. However, this period is characterized by depression, commonly called antenatal depression/ prenatal depression. Couples are advised and helped about their depression in antenatal classes to prepare them for the possibility of antenatal and postnatal depression. During such sessions, expectant parents are informed that antenatal and postnatal depressions can happen to both mother or father, are no ones fault, are taught about the early signs and informed of available help. The healthcare worker in the antenatal lay out monitors the women and their relations closely to identify any signs of depression knowing of the fact that most women mask those feelings. This is through for instance by asking the right questions./ antenatal depression can be a antecedent to postpartum depression if not tackled. Tackling these depressions help make childbirth and early par enting easy as any stress felt by mother can have negative effects on fetal development which can injure both mother and child. Factors leading to antenatal depression may be an unplanned pregnancy, history of abuse, difficulty becoming pregnant, economic issues, family constraints, relationship with the father, and jobs and responsibilities. Some of the signs and symptoms of antenatal depression are inability to concentrate, difficulty remembering, feeling emotionally numb, sleep problems not related to pregnancy, extremum/ unending fatigue, extreme irritability, a sense of fear about everything, lack of feeding interest or desire to overfeed, feelings of trouble/ guilt, persistent sadness, loss of sexual desire, weight loss or gain unrelated to pregnancy, inability to seize excited about the baby and form or feel a bond with the baby and thoughts of self-annihilation/ death.

Psychological tests Essay Example for Free

Psychological tests Essay adroitness test is defined as the test of suit energy to determine whether an individual is likely to develop the skills take for a picky kind of work (Encarta dictionary, 2008). Aptitude tests are habitd to calculate abilities over a long period of time, as well as to envisage future learning performance. Example of aptitude tests are the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT)). These tests are both college admission tests explored in the prediction of college victory. Special aptitude tests The purpose of special aptitude test raises the concept of fidelity and bandwith. Bandwith determines the tinge of the traits that is being evaluated while fidelity refers to the extent to which a particular measure focuses on a particular attribute or quality. These tests are explored to prognosticate on the future performance in a thing that the person in question is not currently trained. Goverment parastatals,institutions and business organization often will present specific aptitude tests when handing over specific privileges to certain individuals. .Furthermore, vocational guidance counseling may involve aptitude testing to help clarify individual career goals (Microsoft Encarta, 2008).If a person has a sympathetic score in comparison to that of individuals already functioning in a particular profession, the probability of success in that occupation can be predicted by the use of aptitude tests. Certain aptitude tests wee-wee a wide coverage that includes skills germane to many different professions. The General aptitude test, for instance asunder measuring the general reasoning ability also covers the areas of form perception, motor coordination, clerical perception as well as manual and finger courtesy.Other tests may concentrate on a case-by-case area such as the Art, Engineering and modern languages (Microsoft Encarta. 2008). One of the frameworks of special aptitude tests is the sensor y or perceptual test and this concentrates on the discrimination of color and visual acuity. It also involves the auditory senses. Another example of special aptitude test is the mechanical test which includes the test of spatial relations and this demands manual dexterity as well as space visualization.There is also the paper and pencil test which includes the bennet Mechanical comprehension Test and the Minnesota Paper Formboard. Other special aptitude tests are listed below. The clerical test This includes the Minnesota clerical test that consists of 200 pairs of numbers and 200 pairs of names. It also includes the clerical abilities which is an form of 7 other tests like test of proofreading and copying etc. The art and tuneful test. The Art ability test includes the Art judgment test in which the participant judges between two pictures and chooses the champion that is better.In aesthetic perception test, the participant gives an orderly ranking of 4 versions of the same pro ject. The grave radiation pattern judgment test also allows the participant to adjudicate the best among a group of abstract pictures. musical comedy ability test The musical ability test gives an analytical assessment of musical ability and it makes use of tones as well as notes to evaluate 6 components of auditory discrimination. The wing standardized test of musical intelligence explores recorded pianoic songs to assess about 8 areas which include the memory, chord analysis and rhythm.

Sociology GCSE mass media notes Essay Example for Free

Sociology GCSE mass media notes EssayNew media anything that use of goods and servicess new technology that usu on the wholey involves some process of lap e.g. phones as they shag now access the network. New media is promising to be digital, interactive and dispersed (not controlled by a single source of professionals). Democracy rule by the people for the peopleConsumer society builds as it is cheaper and quicker for companies to advertise on the internet Exploits WC and MEGs through word of honor, stereotypes, folk devils and media ampflication Faster for legion(predicate) functions much(prenominal) as advertising and research etc Reinforces digital divide as the RC be more(prenominal) likely to posses new media The internet enables us to be democratic as it whollyows us to see and research development Increases social isolation as those without new media feel less involved. Allows us to own more knowledge and enhances us intellectu completelyy Higher put on the line of criminal behavior happening e.g. fraud, illegal downloads and paedophiles of childrens websites Widens taker preferenceLack of regulation many things go uncensored and undiscoveredInfotainment the replacing of give-and-take data by entertainmentEnhances the world-beater of the powerful, risking democracy as we hardly see knowledge from the stance of those in powerTheoretical viewsFunctiona disputation media reinforces social order through the NVs clay red ink divider of labour is kept as WC johnnot become socially mobile due to poor access to learning feminist dislike how women argon portrayed women that go against portrayal ar seen as deviant Functionalist socialises us with NVs, gender roles etc Marxist selective as it exploits the WC it is perpetually from the point of view of the RC and those in power Feminist dislike how women are portrayed women that go against portrayal are seen as deviant Functionalist no puzzle with it as it provides i nformation Marxist dislike as it benefits the RC and reinforces the digital divide Feminist dislike as it pre move women in a derogatory way e.g. pornographyThe barrack buck privately owned media that originally communicates the intelligence service they are profitable organisations Broadcasting lots is financed privately PBS is not profit making, CSB is private and the BBC make profit through TV licenses with prices decided by the government.Media affect on doingsThe hyperdermic spray model The media has power over its hearing it bath control and persuade people. The auditory sense receives its daily injections of information from the media and this determines demeanour. It has an agile effect o the audience as the media controls us. Evidence to support the HSMLab experiments were conducted by Bandura Ross and Ross Liebert and Baron. Bandura children who watched personnel were more likely to hit the doll with a mallet. However, in that respect were no other toys t o play with and the children were cognisant this was wanted from them. Liebert and Baron Children that watched vehemence were given the option to help or hurt someone when airheaded came on, indicating a child in another room needed help with a game.Many clicked hurt, which sent an electric shock. However, lab experiments do not measure long term affects and we notifynot isolate media as a variable. The uses and gratification model is used to lay out against the HSM. The uses and gratification model The media does not use us we use the media. This theory is how the media is used to actively satisfy peoples needs based on their ability to exercise choice and control. Audiences actively seek media for specific gratifications and this theory deals with why media is chosen, what purpose media serves, and how media competes with other media sources to meet satisfaction. We retain information from the media based on five factorsInformation e.g. wildlife programmesPersonal Identity e .g. religious TVPersonal relationships e.g. Jeremy Kyle fun e.g. Big BrotherDiversion/Escapism e.g. soapsThe decoding approach We use the media to support the determine we al conveyy start out, not give us new ones. McQuall suggests that the audiences are active decoders of the content of the media and cod distinguishable interpretations in terms of Selective memory board remembering certain information if it has signifi tince to you Selective vulnerability but exposing yourself to what you want or need well only watch things if they support our values Selective perception we all understand parts of the media in different ways and use it in different ways The media has an immediate effect on the audienceThe media does not choose an immediate effect on the audienceMarxist it has a invalidating immediate effect on the audience as they control us to have particular behaviour e.g. hierarchy Decoding approach we expose ourselves to what we chose so only learn what we bese ech to learn Hyperdermic syringe model the media controls our behaviour as we are given daily injections Selective retention we only remember the information that means something to us Imitation we copy what we seeSelective exposure we only expose ourselves to the media that interests us Functionalists believe values are learnt through the mediaSelective perception we all interpret the media in different ways, so our behaviour is not immediately or directly change in the same wayMedia can also be to blame for deviant and criminal behaviour Media affectsExplanationImitationThe audience are mouldd by what they see to the extent that they copy the images and messages they are unresolved to. Children in particular are prone to imitation and often engage in violent and irrelevant behaviour as a result. SensitisationThe audience hears and sees a lot of images in the media that makes them more alert of the consequences of the behaviour. They are less likely to engage in the behav iour and instead are likely to composing to the police or intervene if the behaviour is witnessed. For example, child abuse reports went up due to coverage in soaps DesensitisationIf an audience is exposed to violence in most of the media output, they begin to believe what they see is familiar and are therefore no longer shocked by it in real life physic effectSex and violence in the media helps the audience to release inbuilt tensions and anxieties. By watching the behaviour there is no need to engage in it. Sex offenders are treated with pornography Disinhibition furious and sexual images become so common that the audience no longer feels embarrassed or embarrassed to behave in this way as they think it is normalMoral panic the false sound at active people and deviance/crime in society Deviance amplification model1) A small group of people commit some act of deviance2) The media pick up on the interesting story a problem group is identified3) The media sensationalise the n ews to grab the attention of the audience4) Causes of the deviant behaviour are simplified for easy explanation e.g. bad parenting5) The group is labelled as folk devils and stereotyping occurs other incidents of this deviant behaviour are made into news and it seems more common than it rightfully is6) A moral panic develops and the exoterics concern is aroused at the real or imaginary terror posed to society the media campaign for action to be fruitn against the perceived curse7) More social control politicians, police and magistrates respond to semi in the public eye(predicate) demands as shown in the media, and law-and-order campaigns are begun to muller down on the deviantsThe impact of media on society todayPrimary socialisation the first lay out to learn the norms and values of society the familySecondary socialisation other areas of your life in which the value system is reinforced or, in some cases, contradictedFunctionalists believe the media is beneficial as it reinforces social order Marxists dislike the media as they reinforce the hierarchy of the RC over the WC and false class consciousness Feminists dislike the media as it reinforces gender roles and patriarchyWhat the media reinforcesThroughGender rolesChildrens programmes advertsPatriarchySoaps music videosPolitical socialisationDebates the newsGlamorisation of violenceSoaps video gamesHegemonic masculinityCompetition between men soapsStereotypesSoapsGlobal tillage when the culture of one fellowship turn outs foundingwide through media and, globally, people are exposed to this culture. It is also known as media imperialism. Mass culture the culture shared by the majority of society due to a general interest in certain things the media presents Media dominates family life whereas before families were hardworking, hierarchical and communicative around the hearth, families today have their living rooms organised around the TV (the substitute hearth) and other media devices dominate leisure time.Identity who you are as a person this can be checkd by what we see in the media as, nowadays, people use the media to assert and explore their identities. The media shapes our views on what we should be consuming and what we should be like.The medias representation of age, gender ethnicityChildrenRogers argues that children are presented as either angels or devils. The impact of this is that children are not held accountable for their actions if they are angles. However, it they are devils, they experience negative interaction as they are to blame. These stereotypes lead to labelling YouthsThe news amplifies stories on youths to make their devious and criminal behaviour appear more common. Teens become folk devils as they are all believed to be delinquent. Cohen says that the young as used as scape goats for societys own issues and this can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. matureAs children are easily manipulated, gender stereotypes are reinforced throu gh TV programmes. This is known as age patriarchy. ElderlyGrumpy conservative, stubborn and resistant to social change Mentally challenged deteriorating health strung-out burden on the younger contemporariess as they are weakElderly women grey hair, old vestments being different is being mutton Men have higher status as world leaders, politicians etcWe are an age denying societyEthnicityPeople are free to upload on the internet as they desire so racism can happen on the internet or dangerous cults can start online YouTube is not moderated so various videos can be uploadedImpact of media on society1) socializing2) Mass culture3) Effects family life4) Reinforces and causes stereotypes on age gender and ethnicity 5) Effects behaviour and can create violence audience effect models 6) Politically socialises usPolitical socialisation your learning of governmental values, beliefs and preferences Whipping system when an MP is told they need to vote in favour of their party or t hey forget no longer be a part of it Rebel MPs Mps that do not vote the way of their party Political spin (spin doctors) write speeches with sound bites that can be used as newspaper headlines Curtis and Mair (2008) believe thatThe wishure has too much process on how people vote nix coverage of politicians and politics has discouraged people from voting If readership of newspapers declines then newspaper publishers ability to influence the outcomes of general elections pass oning also have declined Fewer people will be exposed to the press supposedly negative coverage of politics and politicians that discourages people from voting at allThe media promote democracyThe media restrict democracyBecause the media in Britain are not controlled by the state, the risk of censorship by governments is reduced, and free speech is protected. Journalists are free to report as they wish deep down legal limits The media reflect the conservative views of their blotto owners. While journa lists are often critical and expose wrongdoing, they will frequently avoid issues which might cost them their jobs by upsetting newspaper owners or TV send out bases The wide variety of privately owned media means a set out of opinions are considered and public debates take place.By criticizing the actions of governments, the mass media can play an important watch-dog role and keep governments in touch with public opinion The variety of opinion presented is limited. Working-class policy-making views such as strikes are rarely reported. The ideas and actions of the least(prenominal) powerful groups are the most likely to be excluded. Those who in some way present a challenge or threat to the existing way society is organised are presented as haughty or unreasonable extremists The media give an unbiased account of news. TV news has to be impartial intelligence operation values, agenda-setting, norm-setting and other sources of bias mean only some issues are covered, and these are not presented in inert ways.The media choose what to report and how to report it, and therefore provide a biased view of the world The media accurately reflect public opinions that already exist in society rather than creating new ones. People wouldnt read newspapers or view TV and websites unless they were providing what their audiences wanted The media do not simply reflect public opinion, but actively form and manipulate it. People can only form opinions on the understructure of the knowledge they have, and the media are primarily responsible for providing this knowledge.The owners of the mass media hold overwhelmingly conservative views, and their self-possession gives them the power to defend their position by forming favourable public opinion Anyone can put his or her views onto the internet via blogs, social networking sites etc Only the rich have the resources necessary to publish and distribute a newspaper on a large scale, or to set up a television or radio station, and it is the wealthy that own and control the main means of electronic communication. The concentration of will power of the mass media is a threat to democracy, as a small powerful group of media owners can control access to ideas, information and knowledge. Those who wish to put forward alternative views to that presented in the mass media may not be allowed access to the media b their owners, and will therefore be denied any real opportunity to persuade public opinion of their ideas assiduousness of press ownershipFunctionalists take the pluralist approach and they believe that the media isnt used by owners to control the audience but is available for secondary socialisation. Marxists take the encounter approach as they believe that the media is used by its owners to control the audience. Pluralist approachConflict approachA range of interests exist in society and no single group dominates Society is based on conflicting interests between different groups Media represents a r ange of different interests within society e.g. Womans Weekly, The Pink Paper and the Financial times Owners of the media are part of a minority who use their power to influence opinions in their own best interests Newspapers only give the audience what they want to receive i.e. the Sun does not have much international news because readers of the Sun do not want to read it, not because Rupert Murdoch does not want them to know Press owners have intervened directly to control content e.g. Harry Evans was hired as editor of the Sunday measure and was then allegedly fired from his post by Rupert Murdoch as a result of Evans political indemnity If owners of the media tried to give us something we did not want, consumerism would decrease this is known as consumer power and would cause a decrease in companies profit marginThe Big Six the few companies that own a broad majority of the press and world media. This is problematic as these companies can promote their own political beliefs and values through everything they own, meaning we are exposed to the owners own beliefs and values. They have the power to influence our views and beliefs. Consequences of press ownershipPolitical socialisation influences us to believe certain things and therefore affects the voting pattern and behaviour Negative portrayal of MEGsSupport those in power and authority to reinforce capitalism Presentations of different groups within society age, gender, ethnicity Ethnic presentations in the mediaBlack populations are presented as criminals. Cottle (1994) believes that this representation effectively hides racism and, through the hyperdermic syringe model, they believe they are criminal and this leads to self-fulfilling prophecy Sociologists argue that people from the groups internalise from the media that their lives are restricted and so they live the lives shown to them by the mediaAgenda setting the media can focus attention on some issues and ignoreothers. They dont tell us w hat to think but what to think about. This can affect political views and voting habits. Those who decide what makes the news are called gatekeepers as they have the power to influence what we think about. Norm referencing the media reinforces norms and values so we conform. Those who conform are viewed and shown in a positive roost and those who dont in a negative light.This causes us to label people, leading to stereotypes. The cameras are always from the point of view of those in authority, giving a very selective view on what is happening. defining New Values News doesnt happen journalists make news and have a list of things that make news. These are news values and, the more that are satisfied, the better the news is. This affects our reason of events. Profit motive Media is about money owners and companies get this from advertisers.The advertisers must be satisfied with what goes on the news and the media listen because they want the money. Laws there are laws in place saying what the media can and cant share, so laws have a large impact on what goes on the news and how the news is presented. digital natives have grown up in the digital world using new media to communicate there is a digital divide between digital natives and novices. Digital novices have been born into a generation that used old media to communicate and new media has been introduced within their lifetime, meaning they have to learn how to use it and have not grown up with it.The mass media and powerPress ownershipIn Britain, press ownership is concentrated in a few hands this could give some individuals in the media the ability to influence mass opinion. Some argue that, in order to keep democracy, press ownership should be spread between larger numbers of individuals. The pluralist approach to press ownershipAccording to the pluralist approach, a range of views and interests exists in society and no single group dominates. This range of views is reflected in the wide variety o f newspapers and magazines available, so all political viewpoints are represented within the various publications that consumers can choose to profane.The pluralist approach rejects the idea that press owners control content. Instead, it suggests that newspapers simply give people what they want to read as, companies that fail to do so, are tall(a) to succeed in competitive grocery store and are more likely to go bankrupt. So, this view states that consumers are the ones who influence content through their market power. The conflict approach to press ownershipAccording to the conflict approach, press owners are in a strong position to put their own political views across. This is because, as owners, they are able to control content and they do so in favour of their own political and economic interests. Supporters of this approach point to several developments within the media to support their position. These include the increase concentration of press ownership in the hands of a few companies and individuals and the emergence of multimedia (or cross-media) conglomerates (such as News Corporation) that keep in line on a global, rather than national, scale. As a result of such developments, much of what people read comes from a few multinational media empires. The exercise of power within the mediaThe media have the power to select which issues are ignored and exploited. In doing so, they direct public discussion and therefore affect what people think about it. This could give the media influence over peoples political views and their voting behaviour. The news media also have power in relation to norm referencing they are able to outline the acceptable boundaries of behaviour. The views and behaviour of some groups and organisations are presented positively, whilst others are presented negatively. Through nor referencing, positive images of some groups ad negative images of others are created, and this helps to shape public opinion. The internet and the dis tribution of powerSome sociologists argue that digital technology will lead to a reduction in power and influence of media power as it allows everyone to produce media content, rather than just consume it. For this reason, the internet could help to safeguard democracy by spreading the power to communicate and to exert influence more widely among different individuals and groups. Because anyone can upload information, comment on information given, contactpoliticians etc, they can exert influence.They can also find out about pressure groups (such as Greenpeace) or issues such as global warming. In this way, the internet could empower people and provide them with more opportunities to participate in politics. Other approaches, however, question how far the internet has increased political participation and empowered people as most people use the internet for things like shopping rather than for political reasons. Critics also argue that e-democracy requires expensive technology and fu nding to start up and maintain so not everyone can get involved.The press is free becauseThe press isnt free becauseMembers of the public exercise control through our market power. We can easily switch newspapers if we are unhappy with what we read. Hence, the market controls content and the consumer is sovereign there has been an increasing concentration of press ownership in the hands of a few companies and individuals meaning smaller companies have been swallowed by media giants Owners cannot simply dictate content but have to give us what we want to buy multimedia conglomerates operate on a global rather than a national scale so a small number of multinational companies now have interests in media across the globe There is freedom to set up new newspapers if existing ones do not meet market demands Multimedia conglomerates such as News Corporation have emerged as a result of other companies conflux togetherThe media is an ISA used to teach us the norms and values of a capitali st society. The media is controlling us.

Méliès’s Trip to the Moon Essay Example for Free

Mliss Trip to the Moon EssayThe film opens with a gathering of academics in a lecture hall. They have robes, beards and pointed hats. They are root wording at first in ranks in the room, five to a greater extent than men join them and are given telescopes by female servants. The leader enters and assumes a position at a blackboard on the left where he draws an image of the Earth and the Moon and a bullet-shaped swop landing on the Moon. They all being discussing or arguing ab step up the project. The technique used for playing is based on what one might see acted out in the theater with no ripe cinematography such as close-ups or zooms are used to focus the attention on a particular character. All the characters appear onstage and if there is any focus on a trustworthy action is done through theatrical technique such as the females marching out and handing out telescopes and leaving.When the main character, seeming want a professor comes in the group sort of comes to atte ntion and stand still at first while the professor speaks and draws on the board. Ones attentions shifts to the group again as they discuss and argue with over-large gesticulations in this silent film without written inter-titles. It is a silent stage drama recorded on film, else it would be mime theatre. The films dead reckoning changes almost same(p) a shift of scene in the theatre. There is a very fake-looking post capsule that is being worked on and some of the astronauts try out the interior. There is a moment when somebody falls into a shallow barrel. Possibly, this was meant to be a comic touch which would be at internal later in vaudeville. There is no camera movement. It is as if one had a good arse at the theatre and watching a series of tableaux vivantes.The film owes much more to the stage and feeling books than to any already-developed film technique. The subsequent boarding of the space-bullet on the left with the cannon on the right looks oddly fake and hand-dr awn. There is little aim at a believable set and much over-acting doffing their hats and so on to an imaginary group of spectators, actually us who are watching the living theater more than a film by todays standards. After the firing of the cannon, there occurs the use of something resembling special effects where the Man in the Moon, framed by clouds comes closer to the viewer and has human like expressions which show the space vehicle hitting him in the eye. It is a real human looking like he has whipped cream on his face.

Appalachian Culture and Health Awareness Essay Example for Free

Appalachian Culture and Health Awareness evidenceAccording to Kruger et al. (2012), the Appalachian region, consisting of 13 states along the east coast border, is a high risk sweep for cardiac, pulmonary, and cancer conditions related to smoking and coal digging. This verdant population has ultimately higher rates of disembodied spirit disease, stroke, COPD, asthma, lung cancer, and diabetes. Substantially higher rates of smoking, as well as the relevance of coal mining, are both major contributors to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality amongst this large population (Kruger et al. , 2012).Insufficient education, poor carriage choices, and lack of adequate wellness occupy are major contributors to the overall unwellnessy lifestyles of these individuals. Unfortunately, this begins at a young age. According to Short, Oza-Frank, and Conrey (2012), there are major differences regarding preconception health awareness amongst Appalachian women as compared to non-Appala chian women. Appalachian women pose higher rates of smoking, diabetes, and obesity than do non-Appalachian women.These women have poorer rates of prenatal care and higher rates of birthing and congenital complications, such as pulmonary hypertension, insufficient lung development, and cardiac abnormalities. often due to lack of insurance, these mothers often lack appropriate health care and health awareness, then increase their childs risk of further cardiac and pulmonary conditions down the road. Unfortunately, these babies grow up in an environment that, as a population, has inadequate health care, low income, and poor health. This detrimental sequence of events is what has maintained the subpar health status of the Appalachian population (Short et al., 2012).As these children grow into their teens, poor behavioral choices further verify detrimental risk factors. A study by Pettigrew, Miller-Day, Krieger, and Hecht (2012), conducted research study of primary and secondary hea lth prevention in Appalachian adolescents. According to this study, this population has higher rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use as compared to non-Appalachian adolescents. These risky behaviors are so prevalent because of lifestyles these children have grown to know these behaviors are considered normal in many homes. As do their parents, many of these children lack insurance and health care (Pettigrew et al., 2012).Obesity and diabetes is excessively substantially high in the Appalachian population as compared to the rest of the nation as shown in a study by Wenrich, Brown, Wilson, and Lengerich (2012). The authors pinpoint Appalachia as a low-income group of individuals who receive poor nutrition, thus further contributing to the preexisting risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Poor health, along with behavioral risk factors, have ultimately led to detrimental health status. Yes, we love the STEELers, but steel mills and coal mining has only contributed to these health risks.The Appalachian culture is at risk for obvious reasons. Unfortunately, these risk factors will non decline quickly. Primary prevention and health awareness programs would make a huge impact on this population. Low income is a struggle that will not be overcome easily. However, primary prevention and health awareness are often available at low cost and are highly cost-effective measures of decreasing risk factors by focusing on healthy lifestyles. Smoking cessation would obviously be of major importance, but compliance would be of great struggle (Kruger et al., 2012).ReferencesKruger, T., Howell, B., Haney, A., Davis, R., Fields, N., Schoenberg, N. (2012).Perceptions of smoking cessation programs in rural Appalachia. AmericanJournal of Health Behavior, 36(3), 373-84.Pettigrew, J., Miller-Day, M., Krieger, J., Hecht, M. (2012). The rural content of illicitsubstance offers a study of Appalachian rural adolescents. Journal of AdolescentResearch, 27(4), 523-50.Short, V., Oza-F rank, R., Conrey, E. (2012). Preconception Health Indicators A comparisonbetween non-Appalachian and Appalachian women. maternal Child Health Journal,16(1), 238-49.Wenrich, T., Brown, J., Wilson, R., Lengerich, E. (2012). Impact of a community-based intervention on serving and intake of vegetables among low-income, rural Appalachian families. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior, 44(1), 36-45.

Explain the reasons for the rise of Fascism Essay Example for Free

Explain the reasons for the rise of Fascism EssayFascism appealed to the Italian public for various reasons. Many Italians regarded the existing system under the Liberal government as faltering and corrupt and Fascism promised a strong government. During the war the divisions between neutra discovers and interventionists were so severe that they couldnt work unitedly against a common enemy. Elections were managed, especially in the South. All governments were short-lived coalitions, because proportional representation and universal young-begetting(prenominal) suffrage meant that it was next to impossible to get a majority. In 1921 the Fascists were included in the Giolittis list of election candidates which gave them more respectability. Fascist ideology was vague, promising something for everyone it seemed to offer an end to class divisions. Some like its anti-socialism and another(prenominal)s liked its revolutionary syndicalism. Young people especially were attracted by t he emphasis on change.The Fascists also had the avow of influential people and groups, such as the King. The King was disillusioned with parliamentary leadership and feared a left-wing coup. Mussolinis participation in government would have provided welcome strength against the left wing threat. In addition, the King doubted the loyalty of the army if it were called upon to challenge the Fascists. He was cowardly and pessimistic.Mussolini also had to foster good traffic with the papistic Catholic Church simply because, regardless of his dictatorship, the Roman Catholic Church was such a powerful institution in Italy. The church feared communism and were attracted to Mussolinis promises to restore law and order to Italy. In 1921 Mussolini publically announced his opposition to divorce and promised to heal the rift between church and state the Roman Question. Pope Pius XI was friendly with Mussolini and as bishop of Milan allowed Fascist banners in a church. He urged the need for smooth settlement.Finally, the March on Rome was the ultimate display of Fascist power. The Fascist squads were organised into militia and plans were raddled up to seize the main towns and cities of northern and central Italy. Around 30,000 Fascists would then converge on the slap-up and install themselves in power. On the night 27th October, Fascist squads seized town halls, telephone exchanges and railway send throughout northern Italy. The King refused to allow martial law that would have sanctioned the use of major power against the Fascists. This would prove to be a fateful decision it was a sign the King lacked confidence in his government.On hearing the Kings refusal, Factas government resigned. The King approached Salandra, a veteran ultraconservative Liberal, and asked him to form a new government. Salandra attempted to negotiate with the Fascists, offering them a few cabinet posts, only when it soon became apparent that Mussolini would accept nothing less than Prim e Minister. With other liberal leaders contrasted to Salandra, the King realised he needed a different man. In the absence of any other viable candidate Mussolini was asked on the 29th October to become Prime Minister of Italy.

Education in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Education in Pakistan EssayPresident Asif Ali Zardari signed The Right to Free and Compulsory Education Bill 2012 into law. The bill, which sought to reassure exclusively children between five to 1 6 years of age are provided save schooling. He urged provincial governments to promulgate similar legislations in their respective assemblies as well. He said the responsibility for providing impoverished education rests with both federal and provincial governments, referring to article 25-A of the Constitution. The article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years. The federal government lead now provide free textbooks and uniform s to children and ensure disciplines have qualified teachers. Free pre-school education, advance(prenominal) childhood care and free medical and dental inspection will also be provided to all citizens and no child will be subjected to corporal punis hment chthonian the law, private schools will be required to provide free education to disadvantaged students, who will comprise 10% of each class, Zardari said, adding that school management committees will be established to persuade parents into sending their children to schools. We will honor our international commitments and carry out the targets set by the Education for all(prenominal) and Millennium Development Goals initiatives.National Educational Policy 2009Under the 18th constitutional amendment control and management of the education sector has been devolved to the provinces. They are now responsible for the anchor areas of the education sector i.e. curriculum and syllabus, centers of excellence, standards of education up to intermediate level (Grade 12) and Islamic education. Planning and polity and standards of education beyond Grade 12 are covered under Federal Legislative List. All the provinces have shown their commitment to the National Education Policy 2009. T he National Educational Policy (NEP) 2009 is a milepost which aims to address a number of issues including* Quality and quantity in schools and college education* Universal primary education* Improved Early Children Education (ECE)* Improved facilities in primary schools* Converting primary schools to chief(a) schools* Detaching classes XI-XII from college education* Adopting a comprehensive definition of free education * Achieving regional and gender parity especially at elementary level the share of resources for education in both public and private sectors Accordingto the latest Pakistan Social and liveliness StandardsMeasurement (PSLM) Survey 2010-11, the literacyrate for the population (10 years and above) is 58percent during 2010-11,

Classify the business according to its ownership - McDonalds Essay Example for Free

Classify the course correspond to its beargonrship McDonalds EssayThe short letter I everyow decided to choose for this assignment is McDonalds. McDonalds self-control is a liberty. McDonald is a large air with to a greater extent(prenominal) than 30,000 eating houses in over cytosine countries, serving to a greater extent than than 38 million people all(prenominal) sidereal day.* Overseas comparisons indicate that franchising is the unfluctuatingest growing form of retailing and McDonald has giving chop-choply by granting franchises. The end point franchising has been apply to describe m any(prenominal) different forms of business line relationships. This form of business testifyership was premiere introduced in the U. K. It is a form of business establishment that is becoming increasingly universal in the United Kingdom.* A franchise is an cartel between two originateies. An entrepreneur (franchisor) and franchi knock against. The franchise agreement grants to the franchisee the objurgate and authorisation to operate a specific McDonalds eating place, at a single address. The franchise term is usually for a period of 20 categorys. These franchise rights include the use of McDonalds trademarks, restaurant dcor designs, signage and equipment lay let out, the face and specifications for menu items, use of McDonalds unvaryingity of exploit, inventory control, book- property, accounting and merchandise.* A separate franchise lease covers the right to occupy the restaurant premises. In returns, the franchisee agrees to operate the business in accordance with McDonalds standards of quality attend to, cleanliness provender synthetic rubber and restaurant recourse. The franchisee is expected to take a hands on role in direct the business, and to be involved in topical anaesthetic civic and charitable activities.* Throughout the franchise term, the franchisees sole business arouse should be McDonalds. Franchising is reall y the hiring out or licensing of the use of good ideas to an different(prenominal)(prenominal) companies. A franchise grants liberty to sell a crossing and trade under a certain name in a particular atomic number 18a. For simulation if I take in a good idea, I rear end sell you a licence to trade and carry out a business using my idea in your bea. McDonalds is a big example of brand franchising. McDonalds has grown its business in the United Kingdom through with(predicate) franchising outlets. develop the benefits and constraints of the type of ownership.In order to succeed it is necessary to consider the benefits and constraints involvement in franchise. in that respect argon perish benefits to this* You dont have to come up with a in the altogether-sprung(prenominal) idea. Some mavin else had it and tested excessively* Large, well-established franchise operations exit frequently have national advertising campaigns and a reputable, well established handicraft nam e.* Good franchisors (BFA) al downhearted for offer comprehensive dressing programmes in sales and indeed all business skills.* Good franchisor push aside to a fault help secure funding for your investment as well as e.g. discounted bulk-buy supplies for outlets when you be in operation.* If you are aware that you are running a franchise clients leave alone in any case understand that you will be offering the executable value for money and ser criminality although you run your own show as a part of a several(prenominal)(prenominal) larger organisation.Benefits for franchisor* Low capital pulmonary tuberculosis franchising is an excellent method of expanding your business with a limited amount of ready capital. Franchisor takes a division of gain without taking risk. Low risk route to expansion.* Personal commitment and motivation from franchisees is greater than from employees, the reason being that they have more accountability and responsibility than an ordinary e mployee.* Reduced daily involvement it is a method of gaining conscientious and employ personal who fly the coop hard to a safeguard their investment.Benefits for franchiseeSome of the advantages of franchising to the franchisee are that it gives them the probability of sharing some of the benefits of a large business much(prenominal)(prenominal) as* An established reputation* A known brand name and image* Skilled counsel* Large carapace advertising programmes which are usually paid for by an advertising levy* Economies of scale, producing on a large scale is termed economies of scale. McDonalds does this by undertakeing to keep low cost through economies of scale. They try to select suppliers, which will give the follow value for money.* Franchising in appendix offer much of the independence of a sole proprietorIn this focussing a small business benefits from the economies of scaleThat comes from being part of a large ships community organisation.Constraints of franc hising* Limits on performance price they flush toilett change their product price up to wherever they want. They have limits for price.* Limits on variety of product they hind endt have variety of products. Customers stick out confused if theyll keep variety of product they have to keep certain products.* Limits on freedom- they cant do whatever they want. They have to follow owners instructions to run their business. Franchisees have not much freedom.* Limits on the title of their business- they cant even change the people of colour of their title. As you can see they have corresponding colour and title zeal wherever their branches are. travail 2A Clear description and explanation of the objectives of the business.The objectives of businesses can vary enormously. Companies may have a number of objectives. In general, the objectives pursued by a business tend to vary according to its size, ownership and legal grammatical construction. Small businesses are more wishly t o focus on survival as an objective as they tend to lack the pecuniary resources to cope with adverse trading conditions. Larger businesses may bewilder to maximise mesh. As being one of the larger businesses McDonald has the following objectives* Profit maximisation* Survival* commercialize deal* Growth* Providing exceptional customers care* Remaining an efficient and quality producer offering gamy value to customers (according to alliances insurance insurance policy)Profit maximisationProfit maximisation is likely to be an central objective for around companies which shareholder including McDonalds owns. Profit refers to the extent to which revenues exceed costs, so profit maximisation occurs when the difference between sales revenue and total costs is greatest. Companies such as McDonalds seek to maximise profit to cover up their costs and to supply graduate(prenominal)-pitched returns for their shareholders. McDonalds does this by trying to keep cost low through e conomies of scale. They try to select suppliers which will give the company value for money. In order to maximise sales they have various sales promotion throughout the year. The basis for their profit is low cost rather than high price.SurvivalSurvival is an most-valuable objective for many businesses. check to the business writer Peter Drucker It is the first duty of a business to survive. The guiding principle of business economics, in the other phrases, is not the maximisation of profits it is the avoidance of loss. Business enterprise must produce the premium to cover the risk ineluctably involved in its operation. And there is only one source for this risk premium profits.Most tardily established businesses like McDonalds have survival as objectives. This is because often they have intense rival in the market so they have to spend heavily on their advertising to attract customers. They have to experience that they remain the Market leader in their industry.GrowthGrowth occurs for the company when there is an current augment in an economys fruit of goods and operate. McDonalds pursues growth through selling more franchises all over the world in order to have a presence in most countries in the world. They can carry out this by increasing the overall size of the business by merging or joining other firms of get them out through a take-over. McDonalds recently went into a joint venture with prt a manager in order to enter another segment of the U.S market and gain a greater share of the marketIncreasing sale or market shareGrowth occurs when there is an ongoing increase in an economys fruit of goods and service. Many businesses pursue growth strategies because their managers believe that this essential for survival. If the firm grows, it grows with more customers, earn higher profits and begin to establish itself in the market.Growth offers* Increased returns for the owners of the business* agonistic salaries ( and more job security ) for em ployees of the business* A wider dictate of products for the business exists and potential customers it is increasingly greenness for mangers pay packages to prospered managers can earn substantial incomes if that is reflected in the companys share price.Increasing market share is an important objective for McDonalds. It is likely to be a key objective any business direct in a market which is not growing. For example, the market for traditional beers in the U.K is not growing indeed there are signs that it may be declining. As the market is not increasing the size, brewers of traditional ales can only increase sales by taking market share from competitors.Market share is likewise important for McDonalds because that considerably from producing on a large scale. They use expensive equipment and the financial advantages of producing on a large scale are termed economies of scale. Where these economies exist, firm will attempt to take a greater share of the market. This allows th em to sell their product at bring down price, increasing their competitiveness.Task ThreeE really organisation will need to acquire, use and change factors of turnout in order to produce goods and provide run. McDonalds has several usable areas that exist in the business to help the business twin its objectives and to provide goods and services as well. And each of which is back up by a particular administrative region. The administration of each function is based on its offices. There are many administrative offices each with a specialist responsibility and function. The functional areas McDonalds has are as follow* finance* Production* Human resources* Marketing* Research and development*1) Finance usanceThe finance music director George Mackay is responsible for finance department. The main activities of finance function are* To keep memorialise of all business transactions, keeping of cost and revenues and practiceting target through budgeting.* To provide information keep out services.* To develop new product that satisfy customers expectations.* Quality assurance* Supply chain* Measure the financial performance of the business.* Increase market share so they can drive profit and give money to their shareholders.* Control the finances and cash flow so the business stays solvent, i.e. does go bankrupt.* Take well cadenced(p) closes by comparing the predicted performance with actual performance.This chart shows the structure of finance department.Finance coachFinanceInformation servicesNew product developmentQuality assuranceSupply chainAccording to McDonalds finance director accurate financial information allows them to achieve their most important goals to increase profits by expanding, sustained growth and charitable objectives. McDonalds not only invests much of its profit in extending its own business but to a fault set aside millions of dollars each year to fund charitable activities. not only this, McDonalds alike provides differen t type of support to other organisations and schools.* McDonalds has invested considerable sums in restoring old buildings, often putting back architectural details that have been lost.* McDonalds supports the Ground make believe Trust, an environmental urban regeneration programme.* McDonalds is a major sponsor of international football.* McDonalds donates million of pounds towards community, educational and charity programme.* McDonalds also provides salary and benefits to its employees and reviewed on regular basis.As for most of the time McDonalds do consistently high profits around $3,633 million and have grown successfully by fashioning good profit and still planning to grow more further (according to the McDonalds book).2) Production FunctionThe function of the production department is to change inputs into outputs, which means produce goods and services are to be brought by the customers. McDonalds is committed to maintaining and developing the lift out pabulum products in the quick service restaurant market. And this is what production department is responsible for. In order to deliver on this, the company has do commitments to nourishment safety, food quality and to nutrition. Company organisations and procedures must be continuously updated to ensure the highest standards of hygiene and safety. each(prenominal) cater holds proper training in food safety. McDonalds food is made from the basic commodities red and neat meat, fish, eggs, milk, grain and vegetables. All raw trimmingss are produced to tinying specifications and the highest possible standards and quality and safety.McDonalds highly trained workers work with suppliers to maintain and develop product quality. McDonalds recognises the importance of a balanced diet, life demeanor and wellness therefore provides hot, slight fat and fresh food to their customers. McDonalds invest a lot of money in new engineering science. Thus, upward(a) the quality food preparation and helps ac hieving companys aim of growth in the fast food market.* Controlling production methods and planning the scale of production* Controlling costs and working efficiently* Meeting the specific necessitate of customersMcDonalds is working hard to develop their products and provide their customers a variety of differentiated products, which helps to meet another important objective satisfying customer needs because increasingly customers expect to buy the product that meet their exact needs. Developing efficient methods of production to reduce cost is helps to make profit and growth because a decline in the cost of production resulting form an increase in the size of a business, which is called economy of scale in the language of business. When outputs rises, the cost of production per item-the unit cost-falls, and the business can reduce the price of its goods. With the lower price, it will get more customers and so benefit from the even lower unit costs. This will make it more compet itive and can easily increase market share. McDonalds has raised standard through out the food working industry.3) Human resourcesHuman resources department deals with staff recruitment, training and development. Human resources is a very important function for the business because it selects the workforce (the right people for right job), provides training and development of staff, which improve their skills, performance and relates to the aim of McDonalds, which is the best service for its customers. Efficiency helps a business run more smoothly, effectively and profitability. Efficiency begins with developing centerings of working that are easy to understand and do not yen time or energy. Division of labour, in which each workers carries out a specific job, increase bucket along and the more people you armed service each day the more profit you make so it helps to increase profit as well as expand the business. McDonalds have their employment policies. McDonalds employs some of the best, most would-be(prenominal) people on the job market. Whether they join as hourly paid staff or management trainees through graduate or a high standard recruitment, they have the opportunity to develop a career, which can take them to the very top.Above all, McDonalds values people with a positive attitude towards customers, themselves and other employees, and strive towards delivering the highest standards of quality, service and cleanliness. The ability to understand and adopt McDonalds customer-led civilisation is as worth as the more usual career entry requirements of GCSE and university degree.The company is an equal opportunity employer and 1992 set up an equal opportunities radical to help foster a diverse workplace and highlight equal opportunities as an important part of the company s ethos. McDonalds commitment to equal opportunity extends beyond race, gender, ethnic origin, marital status, colour, nationality or disability, to reach people with very dif ferent backgrounds and experience.Whether university graduates and those without formal qualifications, first jobbers or those who have worked for decades, what binds employees is the knowledge that the opportunities are as great as an individuals ambition and ability allow. And if employees are happy with the opportunities they are getting form the company they work hard for the company and try to provide best service in the world. It is important to throw talented staff and staff who have become skilled through training. By recruiting quality staff who are committed to the business, thus reducing recruitment costs by not having to recruit too often. McDonalds also provide benefits with salary to its staff.Hourly paid staff benefits* Free meal allowance* paid holidays (4 weeks per annum)* Free life assurance (value dependent upon service)* Private health care (for employees aged 19+with 3 years service)* Sponsorship Programme* Stock purchase scheme* Employees discount card* Servi ce awards (at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years service)* Stakeholder pensionApart from good rates of pay, McDonalds try to provide good working conditions and incentives. This also helps McDonalds to meets its objective of expanding and providing best service to the community.4) MarketingAccording to the investigate about McDonalds marketing is the whole process by which goods get from producers to buyers. More people work in Marketing than in production. Marketing involves marketing inquiry, distribution, pricing and promotion. As last week McDonalds was offering 2 normal fries, hamburger, drink for only 2 and that offer was only for limited period.Marketing department deals with advertising, promotion and upward(a) the image of the product and services to attract more customers. The fast food industry is in which many companies compete for customers. McDonalds provide a better product, give better value for money, provide a superior service, better at distributing and selling its good and services and making them known through advertising and earthity. There is no doubt that McDonalds do a lot of advertising and promotion activities. One of them is mentioned above. Recently McDonalds announced that Kay Napier, Procter Gamble marketing veteran, vice President/General manger, has been hired as a elder Vice President of marketing. McDonalds marketing director said, I am delighted to add this kind of marketing talent to our team up at McDonalds. This is another step in elevating one of the worlds great brands to an even higher level of marketing strength and value.This will also help them to achieve their objective, which is growth. Customer can be attracted through good eye-catching ad, advertisement has this tremendous ability to shift demand curve to the right. As customer increase income rises which helps achieving companys aim of making profit so that they can cover their cost more easily. McDonalds also meets its objective which is satisfying customer need by knowing what customer want and how much they are willing to spend on their food. To achieve this objective marketing department employees special research team for the test products do surveys with customers to strain new product and answer questionn behaviore about them. According to McDonalds policy McDonalds will not work with any supplier who does not adhere to the standards undeniable by UK and EU legislation regarding animal welfare, transportation, husbandry, inspection, and quality hygiene. This policy helps McDonalds to meet its objective of Providing best food, beat competition and improve the company image.5) Research and developmentThe intend of R D is to enable business to compete successfully and achieve permanently sustainable competition over its competitors by becoming more efficient and/or profitable and giving customers added value.To achieve this McDonalds invariably and will continue to develop new products that satisfy customers expectations for g reat taste and great value. The companys new product and development team works with suppliers to expand the menu with new force and promotional food items. The team helps to ensure that all new food items meet McDonalds high quality and safety standards. As with the living product range, McDonalds solicits and cautiously listens to customers view on any new or promotional products.* McDonalds offer more and more choices for breakfast by developing new products as more and more customers eat breakfast out rather than at home.* Changing existing productsMcDonalds uses conventional food chemicals or additives that add mollify and colour that helps to maintain freshness and make changing in existing products by listening to customers views.* amass data from worldwide researchMcDonalds has special research team to find out what customers want and how much they can spend.McDonalds also has restaurant development policy When McDonalds has local knowledge which is a key to choosing new locations, McDonalds on discussion with local managers who are most involved at roots level with their local communities. By keeping customers convenience McDonalds develop new restaurants. Company is committed to responsible and works nearly with local planning and community groups when developing new restaurants. every(prenominal) bullet point and information is pen there helps McDonalds to achieve its objective of providing good service to the community by attracting more customers and making profit.There are advantages and disadvantages with every functional areas but each functional area helps McDonalds in one way or another to meet its objectives.Task FourThere are three types of management style and they are* Democratic* irresponsible* Consultative counselling style will describe the different slipway that the managers treat their employees and also the way the in charge of the employees.Democratic management styleThis type of style involves empowerment. Individuals an d team are tending(p) responsibility to make decisions, usually with a given frame. The team is therefore responsible for the decisions that it makes. A manager with this style will feel comfortable allowing others t make decisions.Autocratic management styleThis style is where manager gives out instructions, telling people what to do rather than petition employees. The manager is the only person who contributes to decision making.Consultative management styleConsultative mangers are ones who seek to consult other to implement decisions. This type of style wants to draw on more sources of opinion than alone her or himself.The purpose of management style is to remember where we started. Business exists to satisfy demand for particular goods and services and in order to do this they need resources the factor of production.Being the fast food company McDonalds exists to provide catering service to the community. Management is concerned with planning, controlling and co-ordinating t he acquisition and use of these resources. In large concerns like McDonalds, managers run the business by using people and information. The term managing comes from the Latin word for hand, as does the word manual. It originally meant handling things but did not originally apply to people.McDonalds Management is responsible for the preparation, integrity and unclouded presentation of the consolidated financial statements and financial comments. The financial statement has been audited by independent auditors, Ernst tender LLP, who was given unrestricted access to all financial records and related data. The audit report of Ernst Young LLP is presented herein. The Board of Directors, operating through its Audit Committee composed entirely of independent Directors, provides oversight to the financial reporting process. Ernst Young LLP has unrestricted access to the Audit Committee and regularly meets with the Committee to discuss accounting, auditing and financial reporting matter s.McDonalds has an dictatorial management style. A manger takes entire responsibility for decisions and, having set objectives and allocated tasks to employees, expect them to be carried out hardly as specified. Employees are told exactly what, how and when work must be started and finished. It is the kind of management style associated with a corporate culture centred almost exclusively on production. Power is focused at the top, and the centralised decision making is geared to getting the goods out of the company and to customers.The culture of a business can be widely affected by its attitudes, values and beliefs. There are different types of culture McDonalds is very close to customer driven culture by keeping this culture in its mind McDonalds works and as it is described before that McDonalds first priority is its customers. Attention is focused on improving all aspects of the production process down to the minutes detail for the customers benefits. Technological culture is focused as well. To improve its technology and develop new products they listen to its customers as well as to their staff. An autocratic style does have some advantages and advantages for McDonalds.Disadvantages are* Workers may want some flexibility, freedom, little contact workers therefore little teamwork, can be demotivating.* Disadvantage of having a hierarchical structure is that messages can get distorted or lost from one manager to the next.* There is also poor conference between the different functions.Advantages are* Need quick decisions, health and safety, clear and consistent approach helps employees* Advantages of the hierarchical structure are that every one knows whom they are responsible to and whom they are responsible for.* This can also shows where specialists are needed in their divisional groupsThe organisation structure McDonalds has is hierarchical structure, which you can see on next page. The benefits McDonalds gets are clear management structure, clear li nes of responsibility and control and functions are clear and distinct. Of course where there are advantages there are disadvantages as well. The disadvantages McDonalds has are many layers of confabulation and many layers of authority and decision-making.The relationship between structure, management style and cultureStructure Management style CultureHierarchical, many levels Autocratic Based on routine proceduresof management, e.g. in and job roles, decisions arelarge business like McDonalds centralised.Being a huge company McDonalds has an trading operations Director (Peter Sullivan),Development Director (Peter Richards), Finance Director (George Director), Marketing Director (Matthew Howe), HR Training Director (Carmel Flatley) and chairman and chief executive (Andrew Taylor) are the most important people in the company. Together with the other directors, they oversee the work of the companys five vast departments Operational, technical, real estate, financial and marketing.T here are also regional manager senior supervisor and superior supervisor, restaurant manager and assistant manager. The board of directors have senior jobs in the company, overseeing different divisions. These are the executive directors. The board also includes non executive directors, who do not work for the company. They help the board make decisions and look after the interests of the shareholders.McDonalds also have training and careers or its employers. McDonalds employs local people in their own community. It is an equal opportunity employer, and women and people from ethnic minorities are represented at all levels.Young people accepted for a position on McDonalds career programme can quickly climb the promotional ladder. Trainee managers go through a series of training courses at centres set up in their own community. They receive even more important on-the-job training at a McDonalds restaurant.McDonalds has an open door policy, which allows staff access to managers from th e chairman down. Everyone is welcome to make suggestions or complaints. McDonalds also holds a frequent meetings called rap sessions where staff can voice their complaints to someone from headquarters or air grievances to a member of management from another restaurant.McDonalds now has a bureaucracy senior staff is not even treated with the awe they command in some companies. Even the chairman is approachable. The staff and the public have open access to him through the companys open door policy.There is a McDonalds management structure on next page.Task 5A description of the use of ICT for inner and external communication theory of the business.Businesses need to communicate with a range of individuals and other organisations including their customers, their suppliers, as well as their own employees. Every organisation will need to be able to communicate effectively with staff at all levels for it to function smoothly and efficiently. These are the reason why communication is imp ortant for a business or an organisation whether it is inseparable or external.The business I have chosen for this assignment is McDonalds. McDonalds also has internal and external communication to run its business effectively.McDonalds has an IT strategy. Information technology is important where it enables a business to achieve its goals. However cost is always important and evidence seems to show that IT is more expensive than firms realise. According to Management Consultants, support cost can be five times the amount estimated. This includes help from other staff and time spent on security and back-up procedures.Other costs can include* Staff training* Introducing health and safety measures* The need to maintain efficient securityTwo recent trends in keeping down IT costs areDownsizing when we look at human resources management then curtailment means is lying off employees. However in IT it simply means using smaller remains of ruless, such as a mini-computer instead of a ma inframe, or a PC instead of a mini. This is possible because hardware is becoming more powerful.The other recent trend is outsourcing.Outsourcing This again is a term used in human resources managementInternal and external communicationsInternal communication Internal communication is communication that takes place within the organisation. The three main ways of communicating information inside McDonalds are intranet, McNews and MDUK and High levels.Methods of keeping In touch with staff* IntranetLaunched in the year 2000, McDonalds UK intranet provides a fast and latest source of information for McDonalds restaurant management and office staff. It is a single point of reference administrative requirements, news and marketing fabrics.* McNEWS AND MDUKMcNews was the award-winning magazine published bi-monthly for all restaurant staff. In 2002, McNews was re-launched as MDUK a lively people-focused magazine, it covers news, activities and events from restaurants around the country .* High levelsPublished bi-monthly for all management and office staff it is a pillowcase for best practice, recognising individuals outstanding practices and achievements, as well as highlighting internal and external awards.* An email system operates in all offices and company-owned restaurants.* Regular staff communication sessions are held in the offices.* Employee satisfaction surveys for both office and restaurant staff are held annually.This is how McDonalds communicate with its staff.The purpose of internal communication is to communicate with its internal customers,which are employees to run business effectively and smoothly. Provide them information they need time to time. orthogonal communication External communication takes place between the organisation and the outside world. McDonalds needs to communicate with a range of stakeholders including shareholders, customers, regimen, suppliers and the community.communicating with suppliers and customers* TelephoneThe most f requently used form of external verbal communication is telephone. McDonalds uses this form of external communication to contact with their suppliers. Apart from this McDonalds has answering machines to keep in touch with customers. Phone answering machines read callers messages, which can be played back from a distance by calling the number and typewrite in a code.* Business letterMcDonalds has its address available on its every website for their customers and also to obtain your copy of the pack you can contact them by sending a letter.* WebsiteMost companies have an profit website including McDonalds. McDonalds uses this for all external communications purposes and for public relations activities. I also used McDonalds website to do research for my assignment.* FaxFax is a form of external communication. Fax machine is used to transmit and receive suppliers to communicate.The purpose of external communication is to communicate with its customers, suppliers and community. Provid e them information about the business they want.BenefitsThe benefits of using internal communication are* The benefit of using intranet to business is that it provides a fast and up-to-minute source of information for McDonalds restaurant management and staff.* McNews magazine covers news, activities and events from restaurant around the country.* E-mail system is faster and efficient. Information and reports are confidential. The same message can be sent immediately to many people.* Employee surveys helps to get employee views.The benefits of using external communication are* Telephone is fast and its great benefit is that it allows people who would find it difficult to meet to converse. And a person who cant read or write can talk over the phone to get information.* The use of business letter saves time for the person whom you are writing to and you can explain in detail. Not everyone has access to internet so if somebody who needs information about the organisation can write a le tter to them.* Fax does the same thing its transmitting speed is fast and saves time. over again if somebody need information about the organisation can contact them through fax if has no access to internet.* Website provides a lot of information about the organisation and in detail with pictures and graphs make easier for you to understand. It saves time of both who wants information and the one who is giving. For example if you asking the manager of McDonald about the company but he hasnt got enough time to give you information in detail so when you have time you can go on to McDonalds website and look for the information you need in detail.In order to achieve business objectives McDonalds has created communication channels which all allows the company to communicate effectively both internally and externally. Due to successful communication when looking at the McDonalds UK financial profile form 1998 to 2001. One can clearly see a substation increase in profit during this period .By using effective communication McDonalds meets a range of organisational objectives which are crucial for the business such ads being a market leader, no 1 fast food retailer in the world which is due to the excellent reputation built throughout the year by maintain strong relationships with customers, adapting to new environment investing in new technologies and continuously up-grading systems and improving staff training. All this reflected in McDonalds ability to maximise sales profit and revenues.ICT has an enormous impact on McDonalds business internally and externally. E-mails replaced the old fashioned methods of communication such as letters and phone calls. The company has a very sophisticated network database which replaced the traditional systems of filing, storing information. Computers are used every where in the business to replace a range of standard operations such as maintaining stock levels, organising deliveries, preparing invoices and recording payments and s o onThe use of the internet website enables McDonalds to reach any place in the world and is a very latest link with the global market for example every body can obtain the information from the website in a matter of minutes. The global net exchange enables McDonalds through electronic data interchange (EDI) system to arrange financials transfer dramatically reducing time, paper work and costs.Poor communication results in mistakes, anxiety, low morale, inadequate control and aggression. Not surprisingly there is concern to improve the quality of communications. First this means improving the communication skills of people within the organisation. Second, it means developing systems of communication.We can identify the skills required by individuals aso Patienceo Discretiono Understandingo Assertiveness where necessary.A clear explanation of how the production process and quality assurance / control system employed by the business help it to add value to its product or service.McDo nalds production is a very important process in McDonalds business activities and it involveso Processingo Manufacturingo Assemblyo Craft-based productionProcessingMost of the McDonalds products are created by processing which includes food and drinks. Processing involves treatment such as washing, cutting, salting, weighting, heating, grilling and frying etc. The raw materials such as meat, chicken, fish and vegetables etc are passed through a series of processes until the desire form product is produced for example chicken fillet is processed into chicken burgers, cook and then assorted with salad cream.ManufacturingManufacturing involves making boxes, cups, sticks and different childrens toys which McDonalds has special facility to produce techniques include for example producing fictile toys from plastic granules called Polietilen which is put into a machine which is heated and under pressure different shapes are made for toys. The same thing applies for the plastic cups for h ot and hushed drinks.AssemblyA typical assembly operation for example putting together big Mac and French fries with a cup of soft drink in a paper bag to serve the so-called big meal for 4.99. another(prenominal) example for an assembly is when staff is in the workshop assemble kids toys, which go together with the kids happy meal.Craft-based productionCraft based production involves making individual products by hand for example a natal day cake for McDonalds birthday parties where the parent can request a special shape and decoration for the childs birthday cake. So McDonalds takes individual offers for special cakes. Especially trained staff has the ability and skill to create grotesque and attractive design that suits the individual needs of customers. Craft production in McDonalds for example involves working with material such as icing, chocolate, cream, coco powder and baking powder.Quality assuranceMcDonalds is committed to maintaining and developing the best food produc ts in the quick service restaurant market.In order to deliver on this, the company has made a number of other commitments to food safety, food quality and nutrition.McDonalds first is always the health and safety of customers. The company believes that the food safety standards required by law are only a borderline and the company continually seeks to go beyond this. Because of this belief, McDonalds has developed a food safety policy to help keep the focus of the companys absolute commitment to food safety and quality. All raw materials delivered to McDonalds restaurant must be consistently produced to the highest standards of hygiene and safety. Company systems and procedures must be continuously updated to ensure the highest standards of food hygiene for all customers at all time. All staff receives proper supervision and training in food and safety. The equipment used must be the appropriate for the needs of each restaurant, and must be carefully maintained and carefully calibr ated.Following its launch in early 1998, McDonalds continues its programme of sponsoring research grants in food safety. The grants are particularly aimed at supporting the work of researchers in the early stage of their independent research careers, who are working in established UK-based departments and institutions. McDonalds is committed to serving hot, fresh, great tasting, great value food to all customers, every time that they visit a restaurant.McDonalds food has made from the basic commodities red and gaberdine meat, fish, eggs, milk, grain and vegetables. All raw materials are produce to exacting specifications and the highest possible standards of quality and safety, The Company will not use any ingredients unless it is clear exactly where it has come from and that it compiles with all relevant regulations and McDonalds own high standards.Additives are only used to ensure that high quality standards are maintained. Additives are removed or replaced wherever possible, as long as this does not compromise food safety or quality. McDonalds has a highly trained team of quality assurance whose job includes verifying the companys supply chain through audits and site visit. These employees also work with suppliers to maintain and develop product quality and to ensure that restaurants consistently serve hot, fresh food. Independent food safety auditors re also used to assess their key suppliers partners.In 1984 McDonalds became the first UK restaurant company to publish detailed nutritional information on all core menu items.McDonalds highest priority is for the safety of its customers. The company will not any product or ingredient that does not meet their high standards of quality and safety, or has not received the necessary approval by the relevant UK authorities.McDonalds will not work with any supplier who does not adhere to the standard required by UK and EU legislation regarding animal welfare, transportation, husbandry, inspection, and quality hyg iene.McDonalds always and will continue to develop new products that satisfy customers expectations for great taste and great value.Around the country, thousands of people form a network of dedicated suppliers involved in the day-to-day operation of McDonalds business. The responsibility of serving more than 2.5 million customers each day makes quality a consistent goal. McDonalds work with leading suppliers across the UK from potato farmers in Lincolnshire and Norfolk to dairies in the due south and midlands-to bring the customers the tasty products they expect from McDonalds. It is McDonalds policy worldwide to purchase supplies from local producers wherever possible, providing that they can meet exacting product and hygiene regulations, operate responsibly and humanely and are competitive.McDonalds strives to ensure quality from go to counter. To that end, McDonalds requires the highest standards and specifications, not just product ingredients every detail of production, tran sport, delivery, preparation and service is also exhaustively monitored.McDonalds also recognises the importance of a balanced diet and lifestyle and continues quality new products, which satisfy customers expectations for taste and value.A focus on quality permeates every aspect of the business. McDonalds standards lead the industry, and will continue to work with government and health officials to investigate improvements.Quality controlQuality control in McDonalds involves all kinds of inspection system for checking the raw materials, the food processing, customer service and management. The company carries out different types of testing the raw materials as well as the ready made meal and drinks for example the cooking oil in which the French fries are cooked is changed twice a day. Each restaurant manger and supervisor inspects daily the premises, the safety of the equipment and the expiry date on stored product such as milk, cream etc and general hygiene on the premises includ ing McDonalds car park and the neighbouring areas.In the company mission statement different policies are allocated such as health and safety, food hygiene, manual handling, customer service, litter control, cycle and environmental policy for example McDonalds is a member of the environment council, the corporate responsibility group of Earth watch Europe, the industry council for packaging and the environment (INCPEN), and greeting the high street, a group of retailers who have come together to develop recycling in the high street. Another example is that McDonalds takes a sensitive approach to its built environment, working closely with planning and conservation officers to preserve buildings of architectural merit and to improve the townscape.In many towns, McDonalds has invested considerable sums in restoring old buildings, often putting back architectural details that have been lost. York, Chester and Stratford-upon-Avon are prime examples. McDonalds has supported the tidy Br itain Groups annual National clean activities. Since 1988 and support its campaign just Bin it. In addition to corporate funding, restaurant throughout the UK organise and support activities to clean up their local environment in conjunction with local youth groups.o McDonalds is one of the countrys leading sponsors of council litterbins.o All packaging carries the good Britain Groups Tidy Man symbol.o Many McDonalds restaurant organise litter-related competitions with local schools and youth groups.o McDonalds was a founding sponsor of Going of Green, a nationwide awareness campaign for sustainable growth.In 1997 at the TIDY Britain Groups Queen Mothers birthday Awards for environmental improvement, McDonalds received the top award, the Queen Mothers Birthday Trophy.o 100% recycled used for happy meal boxes, take away bags, take away trays, napkins, kitchen rolls and toilets.o All McDonalds tray liners are made from 100% fully recyclable and biodegradable materials.o All McDonalds suppliers have to use minimum recycled content of 50% in their corrugated containers.o All McDonalds offices recycle waste paper and also use recycled paper.o The majority of McDonalds restaurants recycle their cardboard and used cooking oil.